The Meaning of Wind in Chinese Medicine

A term in the field of traditional Chinese medicine that causes considerable difficulty for modern practitioners is wind (feng).  It is known as:

• one of the six external causes of disease (six qi or six yin);
• one of the conditions associated with the five elements systematic correspondences (wind associated with the wood element);
• an entity that has an external and an internal origin, associated with diagnostic categories; and
• one of the terms used in acupuncture point names, such as fengchi (GB-20), fengfu (GV-16), fengmen (BL-12), and fengshi (GB-31).

The use of this term feng is so widespread and mysterious that a modern text on the underlying meaning of acupuncture point names is titled: “Grasping the Wind (1).”  Certainly, to understand basic Chinese medical thinking sufficiently to carry out an Oriental medicine practice, one must grasp the meaning of wind.  

A difficulty with the term wind is that it is widely and freely used in the Orient in relation to health and disease, while it has no equivalent meaning or implication for Westerners in the medical field.  A patient unfamiliar with the use of the term may be told, “your condition involves wind,” or this treatment is for “wind-heat.”  The puzzling reference to a weather condition may call for explanation.   An appropriate depiction of the Chinese concept can set the stage for better appreciation of the Chinese tradition.  On the other hand, an unacceptable depiction can lead to even greater suspicion of the foreign concepts employed in the sometimes bizarre medical tradition that includes cupping, blood letting, inserting over a dozen needles in the body, and ingestion of large combinations of herbs.

One approach that has been taken in describing wind in relation to disease is to rely on a strict interpretation of wind as a “pernicious influence:” that exposure to windy weather can cause disease.  Another approach is to use an analogy, such as that when symptoms appear in different parts of the body at different times, this suggests movement that is like the wind, so there is a “wind disease.”  The best explanation for wind may come from dividing its role in the medical system into two: etiology (cause of disease) and manifestation (characteristics of disease), each of which can be separately described.  The purpose of this article is to reveal the basis of the Chinese concept and suggest a modern description.

Before delineating the historical development of the term wind and its representation as a pictograph, applications of the term in traditional Chinese medicine, as it comes to us today, may be of value:  

• diseases involving excess movement of the body: epilepsy (rare convulsions) and Parkinson’s disease;
• diseases involving symptoms appearing in different parts of the body at different times: early stage rheumatism involving differing joints or skin rashes that appear in different places;
• diseases involving loss of movement: stroke, paralysis, tetany, and coma;
• various pain, numbness, and spastic syndromes, sometimes referred to as bi syndromes, including headache, toothache, limb numbness, tendon spasms, arthritis, deep bone pain;
• diseases that are acute: common cold, influenza, sinus infection, skin eruption, sore throat, cough, eye disorders; and
• diseases that affect the surface of the body (skin or flesh, rather than viscera): chronic eczema, leprosy, scrofula, hair loss.

In the field of modern medicine, a number of causative factors have been identified for the “wind” disorders of concern, including infectious agents, neurological problems, and autoimmune diseases.  Despite progress in scientific analysis, the reason that a disease has arisen in any individual may remain difficult to pin down; further, the manifestations among different patients varies, sometimes markedly.  None of the modern explanations for the cause or manifestation of the diseases and disorders inherently contradicts the traditional Chinese concept that they are caused by wind or somehow involve wind, but the explanations do seem more detailed and up to date.  The availability of modern explanations raises the question of how useful the ancient terminology is when it comes to understanding the disease and deciding upon the method of treatment.  Thus, it is important to get a sense of how much reliance there is upon the basic concept of wind in the Chinese system.

THE CHARACTER FOR FENG: Insights into meaning

The Chinese character feng, is usually explained on the basis of the conjunction of two pictographs.  One of them depicts an insect (chong; originally hui, a type of snake; see Figure 1), which is placed inside the character fan, which means the origin (see Figure 2).  The resulting character (see Figure 3) is explained in an ancient Chinese text describing the meaning of written characters (2), the Shuowen Jiezi (ca. 120 A.D.).  It makes reference to the Chinese idea: “when the wind blows, insects are born.”  In this interpretation, the character feng represents the origin of insects, but it also means exactly what it means in the West, namely a weather condition: the movement of the air.  The simplified version of the character (Figure 4) retains the meaning of a weather condition, movement of the air, to this day.  Fengbiao is a weather vane (used for measuring wind direction), fengche is a windmill, and fengshan is an electric fan. 

Perhaps the image of flying insects, some of which appear rather suddenly as the seasons change and which might seem to come along the path of the wind, gave rise to the notion that the wind was their origin.  There are also ideas in ancient Chinese literature that wind “resides” in caves before it explodes out as gusts in the atmosphere, and caves are where some insects congregate in large numbers.  Insects and other small crawling animals would have been viewed negatively, as a source of destruction; similarly, the wind is often a destructive force.  Therefore, the connection between insects and wind may have found its way into the development of written characters as a result of several conceptual connections drawn between the two.

The manifestation of the wind, particularly its direction, was long considered important.  In particular, it was observed that the wind conditions at each seasonal change (e.g., from winter to spring) and at mid-season seemed to have a different fundamental nature, and so there were, all together, eight winds that were specified.

The type of wind that was actually encountered at any of these eight points in the year was thought to have prognostic value for a variety of outcomes, including crop yields.  The concept that wind was a pathological agent appears to have correlated with divination practices.  In ancient times, the eight winds were related to the bagua (the 8 triagrams of the Yijing) and they came from the eight directions, such as northeast, northwest, etc.  In the Lingshu (3), the influences of these winds were categorized as follows:

Wind Direction	Name of Wind	Internally Affects	Externally Affects	Its Qi Causes
South	great feathery wind	heart	channels	heat
Southwest	scheming wind	spleen	muscles	weakness
West	hard wind	lungs	skin	dryness
Northwest	breaking wind	small intestine	arm major yang channel	blockage in channel
North	great hard wind	kidneys	bones, shoulder, back muscles	coldness
Northeast	unfortunate wind	large intestine	sides of ribs, armpits, lower bones, limb joints	[not stated in text]
East	children’s wind	liver	thick muscles	dampness
Southeast	feathery wind	stomach	muscles, flesh	body weight

According to the Lingshu, the adverse influence was so great that “the sages avoided the winds like avoiding arrows and stones.”  In particular, they were concerned about sudden death from what corresponds in the traditional descriptions to a stroke (zhongfeng).  Zhongfeng, meaning struck [penetrated] by wind, is mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing (Suwen and Lingshu), Shanghan Lun, and Jingui Yaolue, where the descriptions often, though not always, suggest a stroke; in modern Chinese medicine, zhongfeng still means stroke.  This zhongfeng is a dominant concern about the effect of wind for centuries, into the modern era.

AVOIDING WIND AND ITS EFFECTS

How did the sages avoid the winds?  This is not overtly outlined in the Lingshu or in other sources.  Originally, various rituals and incantations may have been the methods relied upon (4).  A reading of traditional literature will show that avoiding the wind could mean not having any exposure to blowing air (especially when the body was in certain conditions, such as sleep) and not allowing oneself to become susceptible to the influence of wind (as occurs when one has drunk too much wine or eaten rich food).  Gao Ling, a 16^th century medical scholar, warned against summer time practice of sleeping outdoors under the stars, as noxious wind could invade the body; he also recommended that cracks in the home be filled in to avoid drafts, especially in summer. 

A perspective on the early Chinese understanding of wind may be gleaned from the art of fengshui (literally: wind and water), sometimes translated as “geomancy.”  Wind is generally considered a malevolent force.  According to Eva Wong (14), these are guidelines for avoiding adverse influences of wind:

1. Do not live in areas where it is windy all the time.  These include open coastline, lakefront, wide stretches of flatland, and exposed ridges and slopes.  Wind tunnels are also undesirable, and these are generally found in narrow valleys and canyons.
2. Winds that swirl or create funnels are destructive, for they uproot energy and carry it away, leaving the earth “barren.”
3. Even if the top of a ridge is covered with trees, a house located there is still buffeted by wind.  In fact, when wind lashes at the trees, the trees will sway as if they too are “beating” the house.

Thus, like the sages mentioned in the Lingshu, we are all cautioned to avoid the wind by not living in a place that is exposed to severe wind or wind occurring on a regular basis.  As an example of how Chinese physicians view windy weather as a cause of disease, in a 1994 teaching round at the Beijing Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (15), a case was presented in which a female patient had headaches since she was 10 years old.  The author explains:

On the eve of spring festival, when people were celebrating on the grassland, she suddenly felt a severe headache that made her fall to the ground, possibly because of pathogenic wind and cold....

Falling to the ground (apoplexy) is characteristic of zhongfeng, which, in this case is probably not a stroke, but some other cerebral event.  That this occurred at the spring festival may be of significance, because this is the time of one of the eight winds, and the weather is still cold.

In a review of methods of health preservation presented by the Beijing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1982 (16), it is said that:

One should not sleep in a draft lest one be attacked by evil wind during sound sleep.  This is true even in the very hot summer season.

The mention of “even in” hot summer conditions is important because in much of the traditional literature the conjunction of wind and cold (as in the previous example) is considered to be the main wind-related pathology; wind and heat are also problematic.  Today, it is common to hear Western acupuncturists caution patients to avoid sitting in the cold draft of air conditioning vents, a recommendation based on this traditional Chinese reasoning. 

When it comes to avoiding the influence of wind, that is, not being adversely affected if one is exposed to wind, then these are steps to be taken:

1. One should be careful to avoid having the pores open excessively.  The pores are the entry point for wind; they are open when one is sweating profusely.  They are open when the wei qi is weak and cannot hold them closed.  Wind, as a pathological agent, will further act to open the pores. The Lingshu states (page 216): “When the hollow evil attacks man beginning in the skin, the result is the skin slows and the foundation between skin and flesh and the pores open.  These openings allow the evil to follow the hair, to penetrate, and to enter.  This entry reaches deeply....This causes a transmission to the location of the channels.”
2. One should be careful to avoid having the channels become deficient.  The wind enters the pores and proceeds to the channels.  The wind cannot easily enter the channels if they are replete of healthy qi and blood, that is, when the ying qi is well nourished.  The Lingshu states (page 216): “When suddenly encountering the quick wind and violent rain and there is no illness, it means one is covered and there is no hollowness.  Consequently, these evils singly cannot injure man.  Disease must originate in the wind’s hollow evil and in the body’s form.” 
3. One should be careful to avoid the channels becoming full of phlegm and heat, as occurs with excessive eating of rich food and drinking wine.  Then, the wind combines with phlegm and fire and causes severe obstruction and stroke.  Examples of this will be given in the following section.
4. One should quickly remove wind from the body if it enters.  This is accomplished by using wind-dispelling herbs (see Table 1), herbs that induce perspiration (such as ma-huang and cinnamon twig), and by acupuncture performed at certain sites (see Table 4).  In the Rumen Shiqin (1228 A.D.) it says: “All evil influences resulting from the impact of wind or cold assemble in the skin; they are stored inside the conduits and network vessels [jingluo]; they remain there and do not leave the body by themselves.  In some cases, they cause pain that moves through the body, or numbness and loss of sensitivity, and also swellings, itching, and cramps in one’s four limbs.  In all of these cases, the evil influences responsible can be eliminated through therapies causing perspiration.”  Although not all wind-dispelling herbs induce sweating, sweating therapies are one of the methods for dispelling wind.

The reference to hollow wind or its hollow evil in the Lingshu goes back to the process of divination.  As explained by Unschuld (4):

If the wind on these days [the divination days, such as first day of each season] came from the direction in which Taiyi [the head of the demon spirits] happened to be residing, it was the so-called wind of repletion and was considered an auspicious omen.  If the wind blew from the opposite direction [being the wind of depletion; hollow], it was regarded as an unfavorable sign.

This “hollow” (or “deficiency”) wind had an adverse effect on crops, weather, and the health of humans.  As to the latter, the Lingshu states further:

Eight are the winds.  For the winds, man has the eight joints of the legs and arms [hip, knee, shoulder, and elbow].  The eight primaries, the beginning and middle of each season [four seasons], can possess hollow winds.  These eight winds can injure man.  When sheltered in the inner being, they make deep rheumatism in the bones, and may be released among the loins, the backbone, the joints, and in the area between the skin and flesh.  Therefore, to cure with acupuncture, one must use the needles with a long body and a sharp tip.  This can be used to grasp the deep evil and distant rheumatism.

That is, these long sharp needles can grasp the wind, hence the title of the acupuncture book.

There is also another traditional Chinese reference to wind that should be considered in order to fully understand the context in which the term is used medically.  Around 200 A.D., a book called Fengsu Tongyi was published; the term feng in the title is the same as that for wind, but the compound fengsu means manners and customs (7).  In the preface to the book, the author discusses the meanings of feng and su:

Feng includes such things as the warmth or coldness of the air, the treacherousness or gentleness of the land, the perfection or imperfection of waters and springs, the toughness or suppleness of wood and fibers.  Su includes those classes of beings with blood in them....

From this explanation, one can see that feng had the connotation of a quality, nature, or characteristic; thus it has a meaning somewhat similar to that of qi.  Unschuld has argued that the concept of wind in Chinese medicine was, in fact, a transitional one (4): previously, the main pathological phenomena were evil spirits and ghosts, and, later, the main pathological phenomena were the six qi (of which wind is one).  The term feng is still used to suggest qualities and influences in several modern expressions: fengdu is bearing, manner, behavior; fenghua is to change or reform by example; fengsu still means customs and manners; fengtu means the local climate or natural features.   The importance of feng among the six qi (environmental qualities that have influence) that appears in subsequent medical texts implies that feng and qi were viewed in somewhat similar fashion.

OTHER PORTRAYALS OF THE PATHOLOGY OF WIND

While the Lingshu focuses on the eight winds, in the Suwen (5) there is a chapter devoted to the pathological effects of wind based on the Five Elements.  Thus, there is a depiction of wind influences on each of the internal organs.  As an example, it is said that:

Kidney wind manifests as excess sweating and aversion to wind.  There is a dull gray cast to the face and swelling of the eyes.  The face may even have a charcoal hue.  There is back pain and an inability to straighten.  There may be obstruction of the urinary tract.  One should look for a dark black color and hue in the flesh.

Here, as is also found in the 4th century book Zhong Zang Jing (17), are the common correspondences of the five element system; black color is associated with the water element, the kidney, lower back, and urinary obstruction.  Wind causes obstruction, stiffness, and accumulation. In this same chapter, it is said that:

Wind is the cause of many illnesses.  Once it penetrates the body, its nature is dynamic and changeable, and it has many pathological manifestations.  But the cause is always the same: pathogenic wind attacking the body.

Once wind enters the body it can cause a progression or transmission of disease.  For example, in the Suwen, it is said that: “When wind travels from the yangming channel into the stomach, it then follows the channel up to the eyes.”  Depending on whether the person is obese or thin, this movement to the eyes will result in yellowing or constant tearing, respectively.  The dynamism mentioned here involves transmission of disease from one site to another, along a certain path that is set down explicitly, rather than random movement.

This particular route of transmission from stomach to eyes is elaborated in the Yinhai Jingwei, a 7th century ophthalmology text attributed to Sun Simiao:

In the case of the condition called ‘wind pulls the lower lid outward,’ spleen and stomach have received wind, and this poison accumulates and becomes manifest at the upper and lower lids.  When the lower lid is affected by wind, its skin tightens, and when the spleen is affected by wind, the muscle flesh is blocked...Irrespective of the four seasons, tears flow because the earth yields and cannot dike the water any longer.  Water accumulates at the lower lid, which appears soggy and rotten.

The excess fluid is related to the weakening of the stomach and spleen by the action of wind on those organs.  The earth element is imaged as a dike that controls the flow of water.  In a situation that is evidently related to having a stroke, it is explained in this same text that:

When, after excessive drinking [of alcohol] and eating one sits or lies facing the wind longing for cool air, one’s right or left side may suddenly receive wind, which pulls one’s mouth and one eye into a slanting position....in serious cases, one side of the body fails to follow one’s will.

Here, it is explained that exposure to wind serves as a trigger to the ailment; it is not a strong wind, nor a wind from the wrong direction, but rather a gentle breeze that one longs for to cool a body overheated by food and drink.  Nonetheless, the gentle breeze either contains some evil component that causes a severe reaction or it becomes malevolent simply by combination with internal factors that are pathological.  The text recommends various topical treatments, such as ointment to rub the wind away, scraping the affected side of the body (i.e., the technique known as guasha), burning moxa, and applying a poultice of magnetite.  In explanation of how the wind causes the deviation of eye and mouth it is said that: “they were drawn that way because the liver conduit has received wind-evil; this causes the tendons to become tardy and to shrink and lose their swiftness.”

The adverse influence of wine and rich food is mentioned also by Zhu Danxi (18).  In a short chapter on wind damage, a single case is relayed in which “a male who was addicted to wine felt fatigued because of having worn thin clothing in face of wind cold.”  In his chapter on head wind, he describes a person being susceptible to this condition “who used to take fat meat and fine grains.”

As opposed to these cases of excess due to food and drink, in the text Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (610 A.D.), the chapter on fengbihou (wind and bi disease) also points to deficiency (depletion); it is said that (6):

The three influences of wind, cold, and dampness arrive together, unite, and constitute bi illness. Its appearance is such that the muscles and flesh turn clumsy and thick.  Occasionally one may feel pain.  The human body may receive wind-evil if the pores have opened because of depletion.  When the illness affects the yang regions of the body, it is called wind; if it affects the yin regions, it is called bi.  If both yin and yang regions of the body are affected at once, one speaks of a wind-bi illness. 

As indicated here, openness of the pores resulting from an internal depletion is what allows the wind to cause disease.  The wind illness is the one that affects the yang region, which includes the back and upper part of the body (example: shoulders), while bi syndrome is the name given to a similar disorder that affects the yin portion of the body, which includes the front and lower part of the body (e.g., knees). This division between wind and bi is not followed in most modern texts, though it is sometimes stated in passing.  Most often, a bi syndrome is described as one in which wind is accompanied by another pathological factor, such as dampness and/or cold; the impact is a blockage, which then causes the various symptoms.

In a discussion of facial paralysis (mainly Bell’s palsy), the following depiction of wind entering deficient meridians is presented (23):

According to TCM theory, this disease results from derangement of zangfu, deficiency of vital qi, and feebleness of channels and collaterals [jingluo]; all this allows the invasion of exogenous pathogenic wind-cold, leading to stagnancy of qi, blood stasis, and excessive atony of the yangming channels. 

PROGRESSION OF THE CONCEPTS

Later in the development of Chinese medical literature, the nature and role of wind was described somewhat differently than in any of the previous texts.  For example, the emphasis on the eight winds or on the direct influence of wind on each of the five viscera is no longer prevalent; internal wind, distinct from external wind, becomes an issue of importance.   It is mentioned in the 18th century text, Yixue Yuanliu Lun, that the influence of wind from the outside can induce a wind from the inside, and together these produce a heat syndrome (8):

When wind enters the conduits and the network vessels, internal winds and the wind intruding from the outside excite each other until suddenly phlegm-fire emerges and causes obstructions.  In such a situation, there is no other way but to first expel the wind from the body, then cool the phlegm-fire, and, finally, harmonize the body’s qi and blood.  As a result, the conduits and vessels will gradually become passable again.

The book’s author, Xu Dajun, further explains the progressive course of a wind-induced ailment, which is from skin to lungs, and the complex treatment needed to fully resolve the disorder:

The fact is that the illnesses of harm caused by wind start from the skin and its hair to enter the lung.  The lung is a delicate viscus; it is compatible with neither hot nor cold....As the proverb goes, ‘If one does not pay attention to harm caused by wind, the illness will change to fatigue.’  Well said!  But how to conduct treatment?  First, the wind is to be expelled with drugs like perilla leaf and schizonepeta.  Second the phlegm is to be dissolved with drugs like pinellia and fritillaria; third the qi is to be brought down with herbs like perilla seed and peucedanum.  Fourth the ying and wei qi are to be harmonized with drugs like cinnamon twig and peony.  Fifth, the body’s liquids are to be enriched with drugs like trichosanthes seed and scrophularia.  Sixth, the blood is to be nourished with drugs like tang-kuei and gelatin.  Seventh, the fire is to be cooled with drugs like scute and gardenia.  Eighth, the lungs are to be regulated with drugs like morus bark and arctium. 

MODERN CHINESE DESCRIPTIONS OF WIND

Modern sources of information on Chinese medicine reveal the difficulties of relying on traditional terms, making use of them giving a cursory definition.   For example, in the Advanced Textbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (9), wind is included as one of the six external factors and its influence is summarized this way as being very important, yet not subject of detailed analysis:

Pathogenic wind is the leading cause of many diseases.  Of the six excesses, wind is the primary exogenous pathogenic factor, since cold, damp, dryness, and heat may all depend on wind to attack the body.

Here, the exogenous wind is the carrier for other exogenous factors to help them penetrate the surface of the body and cause disease.  As to the internal wind, according to the textbook, this is one of the “five evils” (the others being internal cold, damp, dryness, and fire).  The internal wind is described as being closely related to the liver, having four causative factors:

• liver yang excess and yin deficiency generating endogenous wind (mainly the result of emotional frustration);
• extreme heat (usually in the advanced stage of febrile diseases);
• yin deficiency (usually due to prolonged illness that consumes body fluids); and
• blood deficiency (usually from insufficient blood production or from excess blood loss). 

Internal wind is said to be the cause of tremor, dizziness, and spasm; it is the primary factor in Parkinson’s disease, for example (26).  It is said to be a common problem of old age, because deficiency of yin natural develops with aging, giving rise to liver yang agitation, which can produce internal wind.  Unlike the description centuries ago, there is no mention in modern texts of the internal wind being stirred up by the exogenous wind. 

There is some tendency in modern guides to Chinese medicine to use a simple analogy to explain wind and thereby avoid some of the difficult questions raised by the historical and cultural usage of the term.  The analogy basically goes like this: wind occurs in gusts and is characterized by rapid changes; symptoms and diseases that have similar character, namely arising suddenly or involving rapid change and movement, are wind diseases.  With this analogy, experience of an acute ailment, a headache or the common cold, for example, and experience of excessive movement, as with Parkinson’s, falls into the wind category.  Having a stroke will also fit, because of its sudden onset. 

Paralysis, considered a type of wind disease in the Chinese system, is more difficult to explain.  For example, in a modern discussion of wind as one of the causes of disease, it is said that (27): “Wind is characterized by constant movement, causing abnormal motion or rigidity of the trunk or limbs.”  This doesn’t seem to make sense, since the wind characteristic is not related to rigidity.  But the analogy system then works this way: diseases characterized by excessive movement, or by the opposite extreme, restricted movement, are of the same type, namely wind diseases.  The traditional view, however, was that when wind enters the body it could impede the function of the muscles (perhaps directly or systemically be afflicting the spleen that controls the muscles), and thereby cause paralysis. 

The method of analogy for wind is perhaps best stated in Manual of Dermatology in Chinese Medicine:

The etiology and symptomotology of wind-related disorders reflect the characteristics of wind as a force of nature.  Wind is a yang excess characterized by an ‘opening up,’ and by an upward and outward nature.  Wind diseases usually affect the upper body first, producing sores and ulcers of the head and face.  Wind has the propensity to move and change, thus there is usually no predictable location for diseases caused by wind.  Urticaria, known in Chinese as ‘wind-type concealed rash,’ is such a skin condition.  Diseases caused by wind are characterized by rapid onset and resolution, and a short course; a propensity to move about, without a fixed location in the body; itching (in skin disorders); a tendency to attack the surface of the body and the head; an aversion to wind; and, like the spreading and dispersing nature of wind itself, by the opening of the pores, with sweating.

Gone from such explanations are the ideas of eight winds, the influence of wind direction on disease, the association of wind with each of the organs, progression of wind disease from skin to lungs, and numerous other concepts about wind that belong to the Chinese tradition.  The system of simple analogy removes any need to describe how wind might cause an ailment and replaces that with a classification scheme: if the ailment has the nature of yang (opening, upward, outward, movement, change), then it is a wind illness.  Although the term etiology is mentioned in the description above, it is an aspect that is, in fact, entirely deleted from the explanation.  Wind becomes, instead, a label for certain diseases.

An attempt to explain the apparent disparity among traditional texts describing wind invading the surface of the body, via the meridians, and wind entering the internal organs (zangfu) was made by a professor at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in response to questions about the cause of wind-stroke (25).  He indicated that:

Zhang Zhongjing [author of Shanghan Lun] had already offered his classification method [for wind diseases], i.e. ‘Invasion of collaterals by pathogenic factors leads to numbness of the skin; invasion of the channels leads to paralysis of limbs; invasion of fu organs leads to unconsciousness; and that of the zang organs to aphasia and leaking of salivation.’  This method of classification is still being used.  In our clinical practice, the distinction between involvement of the zangfu organs and that of the channels and collaterals lies mainly in whether there is a coma, which suggests involvement of the former [zangfu], otherwise, the latter [meridians].

It can be seen here that in modern practice if someone experiences a stroke, it is labeled a wind disease, and then if it causes a coma it is labeled a wind disease affecting the zangfu.  This is labeling, rather than an understanding of etiology, and it is simply retention of a term from 2,000 years ago.  The above quoted comments were delivered after several doctors at the Academy analyzed a particular case of wind-stroke (Western diagnosis: cerebral thrombosis) and came up with the following causative factors, none of which involved invasion of wind into meridians or zangfu:

• Long years of working by bending over the desk has consumed his yin essence, which results in hyperactivity of the liver yang due to consumption of the yin essence failing to check the exuberant yang, hence the occurrence of wind-stroke. 
• Long years of mental strain has insidiously consumed his yin-essence that first leads to deficiency of kidney yin which, in turn, leads to deficiency of the liver yin, resulting in hyperactivity of the liver yang.  Deficiency of the kidney yin fails to nourish the heart, contributing to hyperactivity of the heart yang, hence the occurrence of wind-stroke, a result of the liver yang transforming into wind.
• Apart from the affected heart, liver, and kidney, the spleen is also involved, characterized by the patient’s clinical manifestations of fatigue and changeable appetite, all indication of depression of the spleen-qi.
• A more comprehensive conclusion can be made by combining the above three analyses, namely: Derangement of yin and yang of the zangfu organs due to accumulation of dampness turning into phlegm, resulting from dysfunction of the spleen in transportation caused by immoderate food intake, which, when attacked by anxiety, anger, or over-strain and stress, may lead to hyperactivity of the liver-yang stirring up the wind and exuberant heart fire, as a result, wind and fire mutually stirring up and qi and blood mixed up with phlegm ascending together making transverse attack of the channels and colaterals [jingluo] and cloudiness of the mind.

In this brief discussion of the case, four of the five zang organs (all but the lungs) are said to be involved.  Exuberant liver yang and heart yang are said to be the immediate causative factors, with liver wind (internal wind) brought into play briefly among the numerous factors.  In this patient, because there was no coma, it was to be treated as a case of jingluo being affected by wind.  One can observe that these experts at China’s leading Academy are clearly having difficulty translating a case of “being hit by wind” (wind stroke) into a coherent traditional medical analysis, requiring them to bring in diet, emotion, mental activity, physical position at the job, yin and yang, qi, blood, essence, moisture and phlegm, heat and wind, zangfu and jingluo—nearly the whole of the medical system terminology.  Thus, the difficulties are not merely those of translation into Western languages, but are also inherent in the traditional Chinese analysis of cause and manifestation of disease.

Indeed, one may conclude from an examination of the literature that the nature of wind remains poorly understood though widely invoked.  In the book Chinese Medical Terminology (10), Frank Liu and Liu Yan Mau (who studied Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine, respectively) expressed their frustration with the cavalier use of the term by Chinese doctors:

Again, as in the case of qi, feng—wind—may also be regarded as being entirely immaterial, perhaps only more so.  Nobody, of course, has even been able to demonstrate what wind is!  Adoption of the term may well have been based on the inherent nature of the word wind: indefinite, indeterminable, wandering and changeable.  It is listed as the number one climatic evil.  When Chinese doctors are confronted with symptoms of malaise (especially feelings of discomfort on the part of the patient) without clear signs of a particular disease, they often attribute such to wind—some sort of evil air.

There are, of course, specific maladies which doctors do point out, though quite unintelligibly to the layman, as the effects of ill wind: fainting spells, convulsions, epileptoid tremor, palsy trembling, paralysis agitans (Parkinson’s disease), etc. 

Most pains, like severe headache, are the inevitable accompaniment of feng.  A stroke is to be the invasion of evil wind into the brain, causing immediate swooning and unconsciousness.  One of the more familiar ailments associated with wind is fengshi, which may be rheumatism or a type of arthritis caused by the evil wind dampness.  The common cold, and even influenza, are spoken of as evil wind injuries.  And, eczema is but manifestation of the devilish damp wind that has succeeded to get out of the body by eruption through the skin. 

PROPOSAL FOR AN APPROPRIATE INTERPRETATION OF WIND

It may be necessary to explain the term wind by first explicitly dividing it into two different areas of concern. This is not unlike dividing external and internal wind, but the basis of the division is different.  On the one hand, wind is a term used to describe etiology of disease and, on the other, it is a term used to describe the nature of a disease that has occurred.  There is a linkage between the two, but it is a tenuous one, so it may be best to minimize the connection.

As to disease causation, the term wind serves best for unexplained etiology rather than as a specific explanation. Western physicians and researchers may state that “the cause of [disease name] is not known,” and this is regarded as an honest and valid, if not very satisfying, explanation for several diseases.  Sometimes the term idiopathic is used in such cases, and it is as though something has “come out of the air” to cause the disease, while a more complex explanation is presumed to await the results of further research. The Chinese physician can state that the cause of a disease or symptom pattern is wind, which is also deemed valid (within the tradition) and can only seem satisfying if one accepts “wind” as a specific etiologic agent (e.g., windy weather caused the disease). 

Thus, if a person suddenly passes out, it can be said—without fear of contradiction—that he or she has been “struck by wind” (zhongfeng).  On the other hand, if a detailed medical examination shows that this person has clogged arteries (atherosclerosis), rapid platelet aggregation (sticky blood), high blood pressure, and evidence of a blood clot in the brain leading to ischemia (death of local tissues), then it would be better to say that the person has suffered from a stoke due to a blood clot.  The latter explanation is better because there is little doubt as to the factors that contributed to the fainting.  If this person, as the one described above from the ophthalmology text, had been eating a rich meal and drinking too much wine, one might feel satisfied that the effect of this meal was to thicken the blood and lead to the clot, and the supposed effect of the cool breeze sought thereafter might well be ignored.  On the other hand, in the absence of knowledge of how a stroke occurs, one seeks a causative agent, and wind has been invoked throughout the pre-modern era.

At first, this use of the term wind to mean unexplained etiology may seem like an evasion of the problem at hand: namely, the Chinese postulated a specific cause of disease, called wind, but we are having difficulty pinning it down: therefore, we bypass the issue by not pinning it down.  After all, it would be difficult in modern times to explain the pathological role of “hollow winds coming from a direction other than that in which Taiyi resides.”  So, instead, we remove the specificity of wind altogether (a resolution that is tidy but evasive).

This possible resolution of the problem may coincide quite well with the actual interpretation that has been put forth in China.  The Chinese system of medicine may not, at any time, have intended wind to designate a specific entity in terms of its nature, quality, source, and action.  It was always a great unknown: immaterial, changing, and causing all kinds of havoc.  The southwest wind which, according to the Lingshu, affected the muscles and caused weakness, was not necessarily a wind from the southwest that a person was exposed to and then suffered this disease.  Instead, the wind from the southwest was blowing on a certain day and this predicted that ailments characterized by muscular weakness were going to be more prevalent during the coming months, just as it predicted the crop yields (something like seeing a groundhog’s shadow on groundhog’s day, and deducing the future weather patterns).  In texts that associated wind ailments with the spring (as per the five element system), it is almost always stated that such ailments are more prevalent during the spring, but that they are not limited to this time period.  The disorder may be induced during the spring, but not show up at any time of year or show up during the next season.  A person who was said to be “struck by wind”, having suddenly suffered fainting or paralysis, could have been affected on a day when the wind was still, because the Chinese did not intend that the “wind evil” was always a specific entity, such as a gust of wind, but was, instead, some unknown entity that had been carried by the wind.  While individual commentators have tried to pin down what this term really meant, or how wind really behaved, the diversity of opinions (such as described in this article) merely reflect the fundamental difficulty of grasping the wind. 

Therefore, when explaining wind to a patient who is curious about your diagnosis and treatment strategy, it might suffice to say that: “The nature of your disease suggests that it involves what has been called wind, namely some unknown etiologic agent.  The treatment strategy, in such cases, usually involves nourishing deficiencies (mainly qi, blood, and yin) to make less room for such an agent to impose itself, and including herbs that ‘dispel’ or ‘settle’ wind.  The ‘wind-dispelling’ herbs have the properties of improving circulation, relaxing tension, alleviating pain, and reducing inflammation.  The wind-settling herbs have the properties of inhibiting excessive nervous energy, relieving spasms, and relaxing tension.  These actions are likely to produce some benefits regardless of the specific cause that can not, at this time, be identified more precisely.”

It is probably of no benefit to describe a case that is clearly influenza as “wind-heat” or a case that is clearly the common cold as “wind-cold,” because the shift in naming does not enlighten one as to the cause or nature of the disease.  The idea of wind exposure does not correlate with the recommendation of better hand washing.   A case that presents like influenza but can not be identified, could be called wind-heat without appearing to dismiss all the developments of modern medicine that might otherwise give it a specific cause.  Such an explanation is no worse than saying, as a modern physician might: “it is probably a viral infection, but I can’t be sure.” 

As a description for diseases (rather than their cause), those that have an unpredictable, changing course might be said to have the characteristic of wind.  Sensitivity of the skin to slight touch would also fit in this category, since the light touch is like the blowing wind and the disorder comes and goes depending on the presence of the stimulus.  The reason for the variation remains unknown, so this explanation, as with that for etiology, fits the concept of a description for the unexplainable.  The Chinese physicians that write about wind do not make the claim that by using herbs that treat wind disorders, such diseases will change from an unpredictable course to one that is fixed or regular as a result of suppressing or dispelling the wind.  Instead, the underlying suggestion is that if a disorder is changeable, then the wind-dispelling or wind suppressing herbs will help it go away. 

Disorders that have the characteristic of changing their site of symptom manifestation or which come and go are thought to generally involve those aspects of the physiology that can change easily, such as the nervous system and the immune system.  Such disorders usually do not involve structural changes, as this would imply a fixed disease location.  Thus, herbs that calm the nervous system and reduce hyperactivity of the immune system (perhaps relieving inflammation) would be the ones most likely to be of assistance.  Using a disease description such as wind is of value so long as treatments that have been traditionally defined as treating wind conditions actually benefit the people who have such diseases.

Unless any of these herbal actions are entirely inappropriate to the disease treatment, these explanations should suffice to continue use of the term wind in modern practice, if one so chooses.  On the other hand, it is not an essential term.  Here is a presentation of trigeminal neuralgia from the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (19) that depicts a wind-like illness but circumvents using the word wind:

Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by severe paroxysmal pain in the area of trigeminal distribution that feels like cutting with a knife, an electric shock, the pricking of a needle, or burning.  The onset is usually precipitated by brushing the teeth, washing the face, speaking, or eating food.  The duration of attack is short, from a few seconds to several minutes.  The etiology is unknown and the onsets can be frequent.

The traditional description is that one possible cause is invasion of wind and heat (the heat component has to do with the burning sensation that is produced); the coming and going of the disorder in a short time and easy triggering of attacks is characteristic of wind diseases.  Although the area of pain is fixed, the site of pain may wander within that area.  In the above description, instead of using the term wind, the etiology is said to be unknown and the manifestations are simply listed.

Practitioners who rely on the term wind to describe disease conditions should be very familiar with the herbs and acupuncture points that are said to treat the conditions.  Table 1 is a partial listing of well-known herbs that are reputed to dispel wind.  The actions and uses of the herbs are from Oriental Materia Medica (11), with only those aspects that are directly or indirectly related to wind included.  The uses of wind-dispelling herbs are diverse, but mainly include pain, spasms, skin disorders, and a variety of acute diseases involving infection and/or inflammation affecting the upper part of the body (sinuses, eyes, throat); stroke and paralysis is also included among wind disorders; see Table 2 for summary of applications of these herbs.   Table 3 presents the separate category of herbs for internal wind, which, upon examination, will reveal a remarkable similarity to the others, in terms of conditions that they treat.  Acupuncture points for treating wind are listed in Tables 4 (those with the term feng in their name) and 5 (other points that have a reputation for treating wind ailments) and two physician’s experience in using important wind points is presented in Appendices 1 and 2.

Table 1: Herbs that Dispel Wind.

Herb Name/Pinyin	Properties Related to Wind	Uses Related to Wind
acanthopanax wujiapi	removes wind and dampness	spasms of tendons and bones, numbness and pain in loins and legs, pudendal pruritis
agkistrodon baihuashe	removes wind-dampness, promotes flow of meridians, stabilizes convulsions and epilepsy	paralysis due to rheumatism, arthralgia, hemiplegia, stroke syndrome, epilepsy
angelica baizhi	removes wind, dissolves surface, controls pain, removes swelling	headache, toothache, ocular irritation, rhinorrhea, pruritis
arctium niubangzi	disperses wind-heat, removes swellings	cough due to wind-heat, sore throat, un-erupted erythema, swelling ulcer, carbuncle
asarum xixin	dispels cold and wind, warms the lung to resolve accumulated fluids	sinusitis, toothache, rheumatoid arthritis due to wind and dampness
chiang-huo jianghuo	dispels wind, resolves, surface, expels wind-damp, controls pain	common cold due to wind-cold, headache, generalized aching
chin-chiu qinjiu	removes wind and dampness	rheumatism, painful spasms, contraction of the tendons and bones
chrysanthemum juhua	disperses wind-heat, clears vision, cleanses heat, removes toxin	headache, ocular inflammation, dizziness, deep-rooted furuncle
cicada chantui	dissolves wind-heat, moistens throat, stabilizes convulsion	headache, cough, laryngitis, epilepsy, obscured vision, un-erupted measles, rubella, pruritis
cinnamon twig guizhi	induces perspiration, resolves exterior	“exterior confirmation of wind cold,” aching in shoulder, arms, and joints
clematis weilingxian	removes wind-dampness, promotes meridian flow, controls pain	rheumatism, gout, pain in the loins, knees, and limbs, apoplexy, migraine
clerodendron chouwutong	removes wind-dampness	rheumatic arthritis due to wind and dampness, hemiplegia, carbuncle
cnidium chuanxiong	dispels wind, controls pain	headache, arthralgia due to cold, spasm of tendons
equisetum muzei	disperses wind-heat, removes film	hyperemia, excessive tearing nebula
erythrinia haidongpi	removes wind, promotes the flow of meridians	rheumatic arthritis due to wind and dampness, pain in the loins and knees, toothache, scabies
kao-pen gaoben	dispels wind, disperses cold, controls pain	headache due to wind-cold, tinea
ma-huang mahuang	induces perspiration, resolves surface	febrile disease due to exterior-excess
magnolia flower xinyi	disperses wind, opens cavities	anodyne and sedative for headache, sinusitis, and nasal suppuration
mentha bohe	disperses wind-heat, cleanses throat, promotes eruption	fever due to exogenous pathogenic factors, headaches, hyperemia, sore throat, oral and dermal lesions, rash, toothache
morus twig sangzhi	dispels wind, promotes the flow of meridians	arthralgia due to wind, cold, and heat, contraction of the limbs
perilla leaf zisuye	induces perspiration	common cold
pueraria gegen	resolves surface	febrile diseases, stiff neck, unerupted rash
schizonepeta jingjie	dispels wind, resolves surface	fever due to common cold, headache, laryngitis, carbuncle
siegesbeckia xiqiancao	removes wind and dampness	rheumatoid arthritis due to wind and dampness, aching and numbness of the limbs, suppurative infection of the body surface
siler fangfeng	dispels wind, resolves surface, removes dampness, relieves convulsions	common cold due to wind-cold, headache, generalized aching, arthralgia due to wind, cold, and dampness, ostealgia, limbic spasms
tu-huo duhuo	removes wind-dampness, promotes circulation of meridians	headache due to common cold, aching and pain in the loins and knees, arthralgia due to dampness, wind, and cold, pruritis, convulsive pain in the hands and feet
vitex manjingzi	disperses wind-heat, cleanses head and eyes	heaviness of head, ocular pain, headache, common cold
xanthium cangerzi	removes wind and dampness, opens the nose	headache due to wind and dampness, cramping and numbness of the limbs, sinusitis, pruritis
zaocys wushaoshe	removes wind-dampness	arthralgia, ostealgia, numbness of the skin, rash due to wind, scabies, leprosy, urticaria

Table 2: Summary of Uses for Wind-dispelling Herbs.

Wind-induced Disorders	Herbs Used for Treatment	Comments
pain of the joints (arthralgia) or bones (ostealgia); gout, generalized aching	agkistrodon, asarum, chiang-huo, chin-chiu, cinnamon twig, clematis, clerodendron, cnidium, erythrinia, morus twig, siegesbeckia, siler, tu-huo, zaocys	Most of these medicinal agents have anti-inflammatory actions.
headache, migraine, stiff neck	angelica, chiang-huo, chrysanthemum, cicada, clematis, cnidium, kao-pen, magnolia flower, mentha, pueraria, schizonepeta, siler, tu-huo, vitex, xanthium	These herbs may normalize  blood circulation and alleviate inflammation and pain.
toothache	angelica, asarum, erythrinia, mentha	These herbs are anti-inflammatory.
spasms, contraction, cramping affecting tendons, bones, limbs, including painful spasms	acanthopanax, chin-chiu, cnidium, morus twig, siler, tu-huo, xanthium	These herbs have antispasmodic ingredients.
numbness and/or pain of limbs	acanthopanax, siegesbeckia	These two herbs are commonly used for arthralgia (bi syndrome).
convulsions, epilepsy	agkistrodon, cicada	These are animal agents that may inhibit nerve transmission.
skin rashes, itching (pruritis), numbness, scabies, tinea, leprosy	acanthopanax, angelica, cicada, erythrinia, kao-pen, mentha, tu-huo, xanthium, zaocys	These herbs have anti-inflammatory effects; they probably cannot eradicate the infecting organisms.
skin eruptions (furuncles, carbuncles); ulcerations	arctium, chrysanthemum, clerodendron, mentha, schizonepeta, siegesbeckia	These herbs have antibacterial effects.
unerupted rashes	arctium, cicada, pueraria	The mechanism of action is unknown.
sinusitis, rhinitis	angelica, asarum, magnolia flower, xanthium	These herbs have decongesting essential oils and some anti-allergy effects.
eye irritation, swelling, visual obstruction	angelica, chrysanthemum, cicada, equisetum, mentha, vitex	The mechanism of action is unknown.
cough, sore throat, laryngitis	arctium, cicada, mentha, schizonepeta	These herbs have anti-inflammatory actions.
common cold, fever due to common cold*	chiang-huo, cinnamon twig, mentha, perilla leaf, pueraria, schizonepeta, siler, vitex	The common cold is not accompanied by fever; reference is to a wind-disease.  The herbs have anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects.
stroke (apoplexy; hemiplegia), paralysis	agkistrodon, clematis, clerodendron	The mechanism of action is unknown.

Table 3: Herbs that Settle Wind.  Herbs that nourish the liver yin and blood can settle wind; the following herbs are described as having a direct action on inhibiting wind.  Note that the properties are almost the same as those described for the herbs in Table 1, but there is greater emphasis on treatment of convulsions and epilepsy, especially in children.

Herb Name/Pinyin	Properties Related to Wind	Uses Related to Wind
antelope horn lingyangjiao [no longer used; endangered]	subdues liver wind, calms fright	loss of consciousness, delirium, mania, ocular irritation, headache, epilepsy induced by fright
centipede wugong	subdues wind, suppresses convulsions	epilepsy, spasm, tetanus, scrofula
earthworm dilong	suppresses convulsions	irritability and restlessness, hyperemia, sore throat, rheumatism, arthralgia, hemiplegia, convulsions in infants
eretmochelys daimao [no longer used; endangered]	suppresses liver wind	febrile diseases, epilepsy induced by fright, delirium, childhood convulsions, carbuncle, abscess, excessive tearing
gastrodia tianma [Armillaria, the gastrodia mushroom, sometimes used as substitute]	dispels wind, controls convulsions, controls pain	headache, dizziness, vertigo, convulsions, epilepsy, hemiplegia, contracture of the limbs, sore and painful knees and waist, loss of voice, arthralgia due to wind, cold, and dampness, convulsions in children
haliotis shijueming	causes yang to descend, suppresses liver wind, clears vision	vertigo due to liver wind, glaucoma
pi-hu bihu	removes wind, relieves convulsions	apoplexy, paralysis, arthritis, epilepsy, tetanus, arthralgia, scrofula
scorpion quanxie	suppresses wind, subdues convulsions, dispels wind, controls pain	convulsions in young children, muscular spasms of apoplexy in adults, hemiplegia, tetanus, scrofula
silkworm baijiangcan	extinguishes wind, subdues convulsions	epilepsy, apoplexy, convulsions, headache, painful  swelling of the throat, loss of voice, erysipelas, scrofula
tribulus baijili	soothes the liver and suppresses wind, clears vision, controls itching	headache, swollen red eyes
uncaria gouteng	calms the liver, controls convulsions, calms nervous excitement due to wind	dizziness, epilepsy in children

Table 4: Major Wind Acupuncture Points.  The acupuncture points listed here have wind (feng) in their traditional point name.  The meaning of the point names come from the book Grasping the Wind (1), the title referring to the name and action of the point bingfeng (SI-12).  The uses of the points are from A Manual of Acupuncture (12).

Point Name	Interpretation of Point Name	Uses of the Acupuncture Point
fengchi (GB-20)	Wind pool; the depression in which GB-20 is located resembles a pool in the landscape of the body.  Wind pathogens are said to collect in this depression, and the point is used in the treatment of wind disease.	headache, head wind, one-sided and generalized headache, dizziness, visual dizziness, hypertension, hemiplegia, deviation of the mouth and eye, goiter, lockjaw, insomnia, loss of memory, epilepsy, loss of speech following windstroke, injury by cold, redness and pain of the eyes, blurred vision, lacrimation (especially on exposure to wind), nosebleed, rhinitis, nasal congestion, deafness, tinnitus, stiffness and pain of the neck with inability to turn the head, pain of the shoulder and back, and pain of the lumbar spine
fengmen (BL-12)	Wind gate; BL-12 is called wind gate both because wind pathogens enter the body there, and because the point can be used to treat exterior wind patterns.	attack of wind with fever, cold, shivering, dislike of wind and cold, headache, injury by cold with rigidity of the head and neck, flaccidity of the interstices with frequent coughing and clear watery nasal discharge, desire to keep the eyes closed, wind dizziness, visual dizziness; also: lumbar pain, stiff neck, urticaria, carbuncles of the back, shoulder pain, and restless sleep
fengfu (GV-16)	Wind mansion; this point is used to treat wind disorders such as wind strike, stiff neck, headache, aversion to cold, visual dizziness, hemiplegia, heat wind and wind cold.  It treats both endogenous and exogenous wind, especially when that wind affects the brain.  GV-16 is further considered to be a point at which wind pathogens enter the body.	heaviness of the body with aversion to cold, cold shivering with sweating, swelling and pain of the throat, wind painful obstruction, all types of wind disease, injury by wind, headache, head wind, the hundred diseases of the head, visual dizziness, dizziness, blurred vision, nosebleed, upward staring of the eyes, sudden loss of voice, sudden inability to speak following windstroke, flaccid tongue with inability to speak, numbness of the legs, hemeplegia, hypertension, mania, incessant talking, difficulty in breathing, heat in the chest, and pain in the neck with inability to turn the head
fengshi (GB-31)	Wind market; wind disorders can be treated by applying acupuncture or moxibustion at this point.  Furthermore, wind qi may gather in this area like people gathering at a market or fair.	hemiplegia, atrophy disorder and painful obstruction of the lower limb, cold painful obstructions, sciatica, leg qi, numbness of the leg, weakness and feebleness of the legs, heavy sensation of the legs with difficulty sitting, contraction and pain of the knees, itching of the whole body, and urticaria
bingfeng (SI-12)	Grasping the wind; a deep depression is found at this spot when the arm is raised. An invasion of external wind can get caught in this depression and cause shoulder disorders.  In a manner of speaking, the point catches or “grasps” the wind.  SI-12 is treated to relieve this type of shoulder pain accompanied by inability to raise the arm.  It can literally “grasp the wind” and relieve the pain.	pain of the shoulder and scapula with inability to raise the arm, stiff neck with inability to turn the head, pain and numbness of the upper arm, and cough with stubborn phlegm
yifeng (TB-17)	Wind screen; this point is located behind the ear, which acts as a screen for the point, shading it and protecting it from the wind.  In addition, the point may be utilized to dispel wind, thus screening the body from wind pathogens.	deafness, tinnitus, damp itching of the inside of the ear, redness pain and swelling of the ear, earache, deviation of the mouth and eye, loss of speech, tetany with inability to speak, lockjaw, pain and swelling of the cheek, toothache of the lower jaw, visual obstruction, mania, clonic spasm

Table 5: Additional Wind Points.  These acupuncture points are mentioned in Golden Needle Wang Le-ting (20) for treating wind.  Most of the points treat wind anywhere in the body, but also have a specific focal area for wind diseases that is used in the process of point selection.

Point Name	Treats Wind at the Following Locations:
baihui (GV-20)	head and vertex
xinhui (GV-22)	head [especially nose]
shuigou (GV-26)	head and face [note: treats internal and external wind]
quchi (LI-11)	extremities and blood vessels
jianyu (LI-15)	extremities and the jingluo
huantiao (GB-30)	four extremities, low back, legs
yanglingquan (GB-34)	tendons, joints, jingluo of the four extremities
yangfu (GB-38)	four extremities
weizhong (BL-40)	jingluo, head, neck, back, legs [especially knees]
jiache (ST-6)	mouth and face
zusanli (ST-36)	four extremities [calms internal wind]
dadun (LV-1)	tendons
xingjian (LV-2)	knees
xiguan (LV-7)	legs and knees
yuji (LU-10)	lungs
shaoshang (LU-11)	throat
sanyinjiao (SP-6)	blood; four extremities
rangu (KI-2)	umbilicus
laogong (PC-8)	hand (palm)
bafeng (M-LED-8)	legs and feet [note: this is a collection of eight points between the toes]
baxie (M-UE-22)	hands and arms [note: this is a collection of eight points between the knuckles]

APPENDIX 1: Professor Wei Fengpo’s Clinical Experience with Four “Feng” Points

Following is the text of an article presented in the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (21); only the case examples have been deleted from the original article:

The author of this article followed professor Wei Fengpo for more than 10 years and saw him use four feng acupoints for treatment of many kinds of diseases. The therapeutic results were quite good. The clinical experience in application of four feng acupoints was summarized and reported as follows. 

The four feng acupoints refer to fengfu (GV-16), fengchi (GB-20), yifeng (TB-17) and fengmen (UB-12). They are located respectively at nucha [nape of the neck], posterior lower margin of the earlobe, and upper back, which are easily attacked by pathogenic wind.  Therefore, all these acupoints are named with one of the words being feng (wind), and they have the functions of expelling and dispersing the pathogenic wind, not only the exogenous wind but also the endogenous wind.  So they are the important acupoints for treatment of both the endogenous and exogenous wind syndromes. Clinically they are used in treatment of the exogenous wind syndrome intermingled with cold or heat caused by the attack of exogenous pathogenic wind, with the following symptoms: aversion to cold, aversion to wind, fever, nasal obstruction and discharge, discomfort and pain in the head, nucha, shoulder and back; and they can also be applied for treatment of convulsion, epilepsy, and hysteria induced by endogenous wind, with the symptoms of aphasia from apoplexy, dizziness, tremor, and ocular and auditory disorders. Although the four feng acupoints have similar functions, they have their own specialties. These are introduced as follows

Fengfu (GV-16)

It is located at the middle of the nucha, 1 cun above the hairline, where the Governing Vessel, Yangwei, and Foot-Taiyang Channels meet.  Fu means a place for accumulation, and fengfu implies the place for accumulation of wind evil.  Therefore, fengfu is primarily used for treatment of various wind syndromes.

1. Fengfu acupoints can be applied for expelling pathogenic wind, dispersing cold and clearing away heat in the treatment of exogenous pathogenic wind-induced symptoms such as common cold, headache, neck stiffness, aversion to cold, and fever.  When fengfu acupoint is applied with fengchi (GB-20) as an adjunct acupoint, the therapeutic effect can be enhanced. It is described in the Shanghan Lun that if disorders of taiyang channel can not be relieved by initially taking Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Combination), acupuncture at fengchi and fengfu acupoints should be first applied, and then the disease can be cured by the decoction. In Tong Xuan Zhi Yao Fu, it is said that when the pathogenic wind acutely attacks the nucha, one should firstly seek the help of fengfu.  Professor Wei considers that no matter whether the exogenous pathogenic wind induced-syndrome is wind-cold or wind-heat, fengfu is the main effective acupoint for the initial selection.
2. For treatment of endogenous wind-induced syndromes, such as aphasia and coma from apoplexy, hemiplegia, or tremor of four limbs, fengfu acupoint can be used, or alternately applied with yamen (GV-15).  For patients with coma, renzhong (GV-26) and baihui (GV-20) can be added for waking up from unconsciousness, clearing away heat and tranquilizing the endogenous wind. For patients with aphasia, lianquan (CV-23) and tongli (HT-5) acupoints can be added to promote the functions of larynx and tongue for restoring the voice.  For patients with limb paralysis, acupoints of the Yangming Channel can be selected as adjuvant acupoints; while for patients with tremor of four limbs, taichong (LV-3) and for patients with opisthotonus [hyperextension and spasticity] dazhui (GV-14) can be added. In recent years, fengfu has been used in treatment of pseudobulbar paralysis due to cerebral hemorrhage and multiple cerebral vascular accidents with excellent therapeutic effects.  Professor Wei considers that during the performance of acupuncture, the depth, degree of angle, and direction of the needle insertion should be strictly held, and attention should be paid to the patient’s reaction. The method: take the needle with the right hand, and it is safe to perpendicularly insert the needle about 0.8 cun deep (external to the dura mater) to induce the feeling of needling sensation. Generally, after manipulating the needle at fengfu 2–4 times, the needling sensation will arrive, therapeutic effect thus can be obtained, and the needle should be immediately taken out; if no needling sensation is felt, lifting and thrusting the needle slowly in small amplitude may help to induce it.

Fengchi (GB-20)

Fengchi points are located at the bilateral sides of fengfu, where Hand- and Foot-Shaoyang, Yangqiao, and Yangwei Channels meet. Their functions are multiple and indications extensive.  For internal and external ocular diseases, acupoints situated at periocular areas can be selected, such as jingming (UB-1), tongziliao (GB-1), and sibai (ST-2).  For internal ocular diseases (fundus diseases: retinal hemorrhage, optic nerve atrophy), qiuhou (Extra-4) should be added.  Professor Wei’s manipulation at bilateral fengchi points has unique characteristics.  He uses both hands simultaneously to insert and manipulate the needles at both fengchi acupoints, that is, lifting, thrusting, twisting and twirling the needles on both sides at the same time.  In manipulation of acupuncture, the feeling of needling sensation with its transmission is of importance no matter whether the depth of needle insertion is shallow or deep. The direction of the needle tip is towards the contralateral eyeball or zygomatic bone. If the needling sensation with its transmission is not felt, the direction and angle of the needling should be modified.  The depth of acupuncture is about 5 fen to 1 cun. The transmission of needling sensation is from fengchi acupoint along the occipital, posterior parietal, temporal and anterior frontal areas, occasionally reaching the ocular region.  The needling sensation varies among different individuals and the therapeutic effect is related to the needling sensation and its transmission.  Professor Wei observed a great number of youth and children with myopia treated by acupuncture, and their short-term therapeutic results were marked.  Some adults also felt a better visual acuity with their ocular fatigue ameliorated.  Professor Wei used two sentences to summarize the therapeutic effects of fengchi acupoints: “The faster the needling sensation comes, the better the therapeutic effects” and “The farther the transmission of the needling sensation, the greater the therapeutic effects.”

Fengmen (UB-12)

Fengmen acupoint is located below and 1.5 cun lateral to the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra, where the Foot-Taiyang and Governing Channels meet.  Because heat is accumulated at fengmen, it is also named “refu.”  It has the functions of dispersing wind, purgating heat, ventilating the lungs, and relieving cough and asthma.   When the external pathogenic factors invade the body, they first enter into fengmen and are transmitted along the Foot-Taiyang Channel to the neck and back, and further affect the other zang-fu organs.  This acupoint is often used for common cold (including epidemic influenza), aversion to wind and cold, fever, acute and chronic bronchitis, cough and asthma.  For patients with chronic deficiency-cold syndrome, moxibustion is applied.  In other conditions, acupuncture is primarily used.  Professor Wei often selects fengmen with feishu (UB-13) as the adjuvant point for treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis and asthma with good therapeutic results.   When Professor Wei performs fengmen acupuncture, the patient is in the sitting position. The needle is perpendicularly inserted into fengmen 8 fen deep to induce needling sensation, and the needle is retained for 15 minutes and manipulated twice by lifting, thrusting, twisting and twirling with the uniform reinforcing-reducing method.  For part of the patients, while the needle is being retained, mild moxibustion is applied.

Yifeng (TB-17)

Yifeng is located antero-inferiorly to the mastoid process and at the level of posterior lower margin of the earlobe, which belongs to the Triple Burner Channel and is the place where Hand- and Foot-Shaoyang Channels meet.  Generally, in medical books, it is recorded that deafness or psychic deafness can be treated by this acupoint, because it is near the ear.  Professor Wei often used this acupoint for treatment of Shaoyang headache (angioneurotic headache and migraine).  The therapeutic effects were excellent.   In clinical practice for many years, Professor Wei accumulated experience in manipulation with his own unique approach.  He used both hands to simultaneously insert two needles into bilateral yifeng points 1.5–2 cun deep towards the contralateral mastoid process.  His basic manipulation was frequent twisting and twirling with less lifting and thrusting.  Most of the patients experience marked needling sensation, and the sensation could be transmitted to the pharynx, larynx or the root of tongue, showing that the depth and angle of the needling were correct.  The needles were manipulated twice during retention of the needles for 20 minutes. If the needling sensation is not significant, or the transmission could not reach the pharynx, larynx or root of tongue, electrostimulation is used to induce a stronger needling sensation.

APPENDIX 2: Professor Wei Jia’s Experience Using Fengchi (GB-20)

The following is the text (except for the illustrative cases) from an article in the Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (28) about use of one of the most important wind points, fengchi:

As students of Professor Wei Jia for two years, we have witnessed his success in treating a variety of diseases by needling acupoint fengchi (GB-20).  The following is a brief account of his experience. 

Generally, acupuncturists asked the patient to sit facing the operator or leaning over the back of a chair for locating fengchi (GB-20).  Professor Wei, however, locates the point with the patient lying prone, as he believes this allows the acupuncturist to locate the point more accurately with the patient feeling relaxed and comfortable, which could prevent fainting during the acupuncture.  Another feature of his locating method is repeated pressing of the area around fengchi (GB-20) with the thumb in locating the point, which is very sensitive to pressure. 

In applying this acupoint, Professor Wei emphasizes the importance of the depth of needling, which must never reach the medullary bulb.  In children, the needling depth never exceeds 0.5 cun, and there is no retention of the needle.  In thin adults, one cun is suitable, while in obese cases the insertion depth is within 1.5 cun, with needle retention for 30 minutes in either case.   The direction in which the needle is pressed after it has reached a suitable depth varies with the treatment of various diseases.  In treating ear disorders, direct the needle toward yifeng (TB-17); in treating eye disorders, direct the needle toward the eyes alternately; for cerebrovascular and nervous system diseases, direct the needle toward yintang (Extra-1); and in cases of up-stirring of liver wind, direct the needle toward the left and right alternately.  Professor Wei believes that this method of point penetration not only has the double function of treating disease by needling two acupoints at once (by enabling the needling sensation to extend easily to the vertex, temples, forehead, or the ears and eyes), but it also avoids piercing the foramen occipitale magnum or the spinal cord. 

Combining his own experience with that of his predecessors, Professor Wei developed a therapy for treating over ten diseases using fengchi (GB-20) as the main acupoint, supplemented by certain auxiliary acupoints, as indicated below:

Condition Treated	Adjunct Point Accompanying Fengchi (GB-20)
Headaches
neuroheadache	shuaigu (GB-8)
headache due to hypertension	quchi (LI-11)
headache due to wind-cold	lieque (LU-7)
headache due to wind-heat	hegu (LI-4)
wind-phlegm headache	fenglong (ST-40)
headache due to blood stasis	baihui (GV-20); with blood letting
Other disorders of the head
facial spasm	taiyang (Extra-2)
facial paralysis	quanliao (SI-18) plus dicang (ST-4)
nervous tinnitus	yifeng (TB-17)
nervous deafness	tinghui (GB-2)
rhinitis	yingxiang (LI-20)
myopia	jingming (UB-1)
optic atrophy	yiming (Extra-7)
hemiparalysis due to stroke	quchi (LI-11) plus fengshi (GB-31)
sequelae of epidemic encephalitis	hegu (LI-4) plus yanglingquan (GB-34)
sequalae of encephalitis B	jianyu (LI-15) plus yanglingquan (GB-34)
alopecia	shenting (GV-24)
parotitis	jiache (ST-6)
herpes zoster	zhongzhu (TB-3)
halitosis	renzhong (GV-26)
tonsillitis	shaoshang (LU-11); with blood letting
toothache due to wind-fire	local tender point
Abdominal and chest disorders
phrenospasm (spasm of diaphragm)	shangwan (CV-13)
biliary colic	yanglingquan (GB-34)
gastrointestinal spasm	zhongwan (CV-12)
ulcer	zusanli (ST-36)
dysmenorrhea	chengshan (UB-57)
bronchitis	feishu (UB-13)
bronchial asthma	dingchuan (Extra-17)
Miscellaneous other disorders
insomnia	shenmen (HT-7)
epilepsy	baihui (GV-20)
schizophrenia	xinshu (UB-20)
vasospasm	taichong (LV-3)
sciatica	huantiao (GB-30)
menopausal syndrome	taixi (KI-3) plus sanyinjiao (SP-6)
cervical spondylotic syndrome	cervical vertebrae

Prof. Wei holds that fengchi (GB-20) has seven functions:

1. Expelling pathogenic wind: The point belongs to the Gallbladder Channel of Foot-Shaoyang.  Since there exists an exterior-interior relationship between gallbladder and the liver, and the liver is in charge of wind, puncturing fengchi soothes the liver and suppresses wind.  It is also at the juncture of the Yangwei and Gallbladder Channels of Foot-Shaoyang.  As the Yangwei Channel is in charge of the exterior, and most exterior syndromes are related to exogenous pathogenic wind, therefore all syndromes connected with wind pathogen may be treated by puncturing fengchi. 
2. Purging pathogenic fire: Fengchi has the function of removing pathogenic fire from the liver and gallbladder, and is often selected in treating patients with yin-deficiency and yang-excess.  The treatment of menopausal syndrome is an example of using it for purging the gallbladder of pathogenic fire. 
3. Regulating qi by alleviation of mental depression:  The liver and gallbladder both pertain to wind and wood, and therefore prefer cheerfulness to depression, while depression may lead to various diseases.  This is the principle upon which the treatment of gastralgia due to disharmony between the liver and gallbladder and the treatment of sciatica due to stagnation of liver-qi are based. 
4. Resolving phlegm: Most unusual diseases involve profuse phlegm.  Professor Wei excels in the application of fengchi in treating such diseases as those caused by phlegm-fire.  He holds that there are two reasons why fengchi is useful in resolving phlegm: first, it regulates the functioning of qi, and so dispels phlegm; second, it lowers intense heat so that body fluid is not concentrated into phlegm. 
5. Stimulating the circulation of blood: Stagnancy of qi leads to blood stasis, active circulation of qi leads to fluent blood circulation.  Fengchi is useful in treating many stubborn diseases related to blood stasis.  This is because fengchi acts upon the Shaoyang Channel, regulating the functioning of qi and activating blood circulation.  It was with this function of fengchi in mind that Professor Wei used it in treating cerebritis and hemiparalysis due to cerebral infarction. 
6. Tranquilizing the mind: Since fengchi is fairly effective in tranquilizing the mind, it is often selected for treating various kinds of insomnia due to mental depression and restlessness. 
7. Relieving spasm: The spasm-relieving property of fengchi is markedly manifested in the following three ways: it relieves cerebrovascular spasm, and hence is often selected in treating neurovascular headache as well as headaches due to hypertension; secondly, it can relieve bronchospasm, and is therefore effective in relieving asthma; and thirdly, it can relieve gastrointestinal spasm causing abdominal pain. 

APPENDIX 3: Additional reports on Fengchi (GB-20)

Professor Chen Sancai (29) made a short report on clinical application of fengchi (GB-20) for treating a condition of heel pain (plantar fasciitis is a likely diagnosis for the condition he described), in which case he also treated taixi (KI-3), and for treating depression, in which case he also treated neiguan (PC-6) and sanyinjiao (SP-6).   His comments, after describing successful therapy, are of potential interest:

Fengchi is the crossing point where Shaoyang Channel, Yangwei Channel, and Yangqiao Channel meet; it is effective for alleviating pain….Fengchi is indicated for obstinate insomnia, epilepsy, and climacteric syndrome (menopausal syndrome) by its action of soothing the liver, normalizing bile secretion, promoting the flow of qi and blood, and regulating the emotions. 

            Chen Yuelai and his colleagues (30) provided examples of using needling of fengchi, accompanied by other points, in treatment of blepharoptosis (eye lids do not lift), dysosmia (loss of sense of smell), and migraine accompanied by hypotension.  Regarding this particular acupuncture point, they noted:

Fengchi is a point of the Gallbladder Channel of Foot Shaoyang.  Just as its name implies, it is a place where the pathogenic wind converges.  So, the point is regarded as an important point to dispel wind since it has the functions of clearing heat and brightening the eye, dispelling wind and inducing resuscitation.  Clinically, the point is widely used to treat cerebrovascular diseases, five sense organ disorders, and exogenous syndromes…..

Generally speaking, the patient usually feels sensitive when fengchi is punctured.  Yet, routine needling technique can only cause the local sensation of soreness and distention without needling transmission, and this might affect the therapeutic effect.  Ancient physicians said “Acupuncture is effective when qi arrives.”  So, to promote needling sensation running right to the affected area is very important to improve the therapeutic effect….Proper needling is able to transmit the needling sensation to the eye, ear, frontal, and temporal regions along the running course of the Shaoyang, Yangwei, and Yangqiao channels.  This is why fengchi can be used to treat diseases of the five sense organs. 

Being close to the brain, fengchi serves as an important point to reduce liver fire and dispel liver wind when the head and brain functions are disturbed, which is especially effective to treat headache caused by qi and blood disorders.  So, clinically, fengchi is often selected to treat diseases of the head and neck for regulating qi, activating blood, and improving the brain functions. 

APPENDIX 4: Wind in Ayurvedic Medicine

The Chinese description of wind influence is remarkably similar to the one used in other parts of Southeast Asia, which may be the result of communications between the cultures. For example, Mervyn Jaspan (13) describes the causes of disease, including wind, in traditional medicine in Sumatra:

A further method of categorizing maladies [aside from the division of cold and hot] is based on four principal pathogenic forces: wind, spirits, poison, and worms.  If a patient has a severe chill, with thin nasal mucus and a painful head and joints, he is diagnosed as ‘entered by wind’ (masuk angien), a concept that includes catching a chill or draft, or getting a cramp or a stiff neck.  All such ailments require heat treatment, and the patient is instructed to stay indoors near a fire and to take hot drinks and sudatory drugs [those that induce sweating].  The absence of sweat in a patient ‘entered by wind’ is regarded as a negative, and sometimes dangerous, symptom.  The sudatory dosage may be increased, and the patient brought nearer the fire.

Wind takes an even more prominent role in the Ayurvedic tradition of India, in which it is one of the three doshas that have a pivotal role in disease etiology, manifestation, and determination of treatment strategy (see Appendix 3).  Yet, several of the descriptions for wind and its action on the body very closely parallel that provided by the Chinese.  There was some interaction between India and China during the consolidation of their medical traditions, with increased interchange during the 7th and 8th centuries A.D.

Data on the diagnosis of diseases by traditional category in the Ayurvedic system was presented in an article on the impact of Ayurvedic ideas on the culture in Sri Lanka (24).  More than 100,000 patient visits to six Ayurvedic clinics in Kandy, Sri Lanka were analyzed.  Ten diagnostic categories accounted for nearly 64% of all cases presented.  Wind-caused diseases, mostly described as aches, pains, and trouble with the joints, comprised three of the ten categories (vata vyadi, vatrakta, amavata) and constituted the main diagnosis.  Graduating students of an Ayurvedic medical college were surveyed to find out which diseases they thought were most likely to be treated effectively by Ayurvedic medicines.  Five conditions were considered most amenable to treatment: two wind ailments (amavata and vatarakta), skin diseases (rashes, eczema), paralysis, and hemorrhoids. In a government hospital featuring Ayurvedic medicine, these ailments were the dominant ones treated, with wind-related conditions comprising over half of the cases that fell into these categories. In the Chinese system, many cases of skin diseases and paralysis are also attributed to the influence of wind.

One of the most important Ayurvedic texts is the Caraka-Samhita.  In the first volume of the English language translation, there is a chapter on wind (vata), called Vatakalakaliyam, meaning the merits and faults of wind, which is reproduced in its entirety below (22).  As will be seen, wind that functions within the body may have a positive effect, but if it becomes excited or provoked (“vitiated” is the term often used by Western authors), then it causes harm.  At the end of the section, there is a short discourse on the influences of bile and phlegm.  Here is the translation, which is presented in its entirety so that readers will fully appreciate the context of traditional medical presentation:

Vatakalakaliyam [Merits and Faults of Wind]

The great Rsis (sages) seated at their ease, and desirous of ascertaining the truth about the merits and faults of the wind, asked one another: What are the virtues of the wind?  What is meant by provocation of the wind?  What, again, are those things that can allay that provocation? The wind is never stationary (being ceaselessly mobile).  It is also impalpable (i.e., neither solid nor liquid). Those things that are said to provoke and allay it cannot come in contact with it.  How then, without coming in contact with it, can they provoke or allay it?  The provoked or unprovoked wind moves within the body and without the body.  What, indeed, is its action within the body and what outside the body?

The questions being propounded, Krsa, the son of Sankrti, answered: The wind has six qualities; these are dryness, lightness, coldness, fierceness, heat, and poisonousness.  Hearing these words, Kumarasira-Bharadvaja said: It is even so as the illustrious one has said.  Truly, these are the attributes of the wind.  By frequent recourse to objects possessed of similar attributes, and acts productive of similar attributes, the wind becomes excited.  The presence of objects possessed of similar properties is the cause of the increase of each of these elements of wind, bile, and phlegm.

Hearing those words, Vadisa-Dhamargava said: It is even so as the illustrious one has said.  These (objects and acts) are excitants and mitigating causes of the wind.  We shall presently expound how these excitants and mitigating causes achieve their respective functions of exciting and mitigating, without actually coming into contact with the wind which is impalpable and unstable.  Without doubt, things that are dry, light, cold, fierce, hot, poisonous, and wasting are excitants of the wind in the body.  The wind occurring in bodies fed with substances of such attributes, increases in consequence thereof and becomes excited.  Substances, again that mitigate or allay the wind in the body are those that are juicy, heavy, hot, jelly-like, soft, oily and constipating. The wind occurring in bodies fed with such substances, moves in contact therewith and becomes mitigated or allayed.

Hearing these words of Vadisa that were just and approved by all the Rsis, the royal sage Varyovida said: It is even so as the illustrious one has said.  All this is faultless.  Bowing unto the wind, I shall, according to my lights, declare with the aid of direct perception, of inference, and of authority, the nature of those functions which the excited and unexcited wind, dwelling in the body and out of it, accomplishes while moving within the body and out of it.

The wind upholds the constituents of the body (such as blood, flesh, marrow, fat, etc.) and their courses through the body.  It exists in the five-fold form of Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana and Apana.  It is the urging cause of movements of diverse kinds.   It restrains the mind (from all undesirable objects) and concentrates it (on objects that are desirable).  It causes all the (ten) senses (of knowledge and action) to perform their functions.  It bears all the objects of the senses (after contact with the senses) to the mind.  It holds together all the elements of the body.  It assists the cohesion of the particles of the body.  It causes speech.  It is the prime cause of touch and sound, and the root of scent and touch.  It is the origin of joy and cheerfulness.  It excites the heat of fire.  It dries up all faults.  It throws out all impurities.  It pierces through all the ducts of the body, gross and fine.  It gives form to the embryo in the womb.  It furnishes evidence of the existence of life.  The wind, when unexcited, achieves all these functions.

When excited within the body, it pains the body with diverse afflictions. It destroys and injures strength, complexion, happiness, and duration of life.  It agitates the mind.  It injures all the senses.  It kills the embryo and causes miscarriage.  It maims the embryo (by suspending the development of particular parts).  It holds the fetus longer than usual.  It causes fear, grief, stupefication, cheerlessness, and delusions.  It destroys life.

As regards the wind that blows out of the body, when it is in its normal condition, it achieves the following functions: it upholds the Earth (in space); it causes the fire to blaze forth; it causes the sun, the moon, the stars and the planets to move ceaselessly in their respective orbits.  It creates the clouds.  It causes the clouds to pour rain.  It causes all currents or streams to flow.  It causes all flowers and fruits to appear.  It causes all vegetables to grow.  It causes the change of seasons.  It causes all solid substances to assume different forms.  It ordains the density of different substances as also their shapes.  It causes seeds to sprout forth, and produces the kernel in fruit and crops.  It protects crops and fruits from putrefaction while unripe and dries up crops when ripe. It prevents things from putrefying.

When moving in the world in an excited state, without doubt, it achieves the following functions: It breaks the summit of mountains.  It uproots trees.  It agitates seas.  It swells the waters of lakes causing them to rise upwards.  It causes the currents of rivers to run in opposite directions.  It makes the Earth tremble.  It urges the clouds.  It causes frost, thunder, dust, sand, fish, frogs, snakes, ashes, blood, stones, lightning to fall down on the Earth.  It causes excess of virtues, absence of virtues, and contrariety of virtues in respect of the six seasons.  It causes failure of crops.  It produces disease and plagues.  It destroys many objects.  It causes those clouds, suns, fire and winds which bring about a universal dissolution at the end of the four Yugas. 

Possessed of divine attributes, the wind is the cause of both production and destruction (of the universe).  It causes all existent objects to start into life and also brings about their destruction.  It ordains both happiness and misery.  It is Mrtyu, Yama, Niyantr, Prajapati, Aditi and Visvakarman [Mrtyu is a goddess who sprang from Brahman the Creator: when asked to destroy all creatures, she refused to do so, moved by compassion, but was ultimately prevailed upon by the Creator to accomplish her divine purpose. Yama is the infernal Judge: it is his province to judge of all persons after death, and to award punishments to those that deserve them of different grades of severity. Niyantr is a male deity that is employed in ordaining the occurrences of the lives of every person. Prajapati is the Regent that supervises the world. Aditi is the mother of the celestials. Visvakarman is the divine artificer.].  It is of universal form.  It is capable of going everywhere.  It is the ordainer of all acts or rules.  Of all existent objects it is exceedingly subtle, exceedingly gross, omnipresent and, therefore, embraces all things.  The wind is a divine object.

Hearing these word (about the virtues and nature of the wind) by (the royal sage) Varyovida, the son of Marci said:  If it be as you say, what power can medical knowledge possess in the matter of either understanding or describing this topic of discourse?  Or, why has our discourse on this topic commenced in connection with medical arts?

Varyovida said:  If the physician does not hear that the wind is possessed of great might, that it is very fierce, that it is characterized by great celerity in respect of all its operations, and that it is productive of evil, why shall he make haste, with concentrated faculties, to restrain it at the outset when it becomes suddenly excited?  Indeed, the physician should, at the very outset, seek to allay or restrain the wind from fear of the injury it is capable of doing.  The just propitiation of the wind leads to health, the growth of strength and complexion; energy, the increase of vitality, the growth of knowledge, and extension of the period of life.’“

The son of Marci said: The heat dwelling in the body, within the bile, when excited, produces evil and when in its normal condition leads to beneficial consequences.  This is as follows: In its normal condition, it aids digestion, vision, the proper measure of warmth (of body), propriety of complexion, courage, cheerfulness, and free play of the faculties, etc.  When excited, it produces indigestion, weakness of vision, an improper measure of warmth, an unhealthy complexion, fear, wrath, error, etc.   Excited and unmixed, it produces similar pairs of opposites.

Hearing these words of Marci’s son, Kasyapa said: Soma that dwells in the body with the phlegm, unexcited and excited, produces beneficial and evil consequences.  They are as follows: Tightness of limbs and their relaxation; growth and weakness; exertion and languor; virility and its reverse; knowledge and ignorance; understanding and stupidity, and similar other pairs of opposite virtues.

Hearing these words of Kasyapa, the illustrious Punarvasu, the son of Atri, said:  All of your illustrious selves have said what is sufficient and proper in respect of what is beneficial and what is injurious for man. Without doubt, all the (three) elements, wind, bile and phlegm, when in their normal condition, keep a man’s senses in good order; bring about an accession of strength, complexion, and happiness; and bestow length of life upon him, even as religion, wealth and pleasure, judiciously sought, unite one, both here and hereafter, with what is highly beneficial.  When wind, bile and phlegm become abnormal. they bring about an accession of immeasurable evil upon him even as the three seasons, when fraught with abnormal manifestations, bring about an accession of much evil upon the world, when their calamities begin to develop themselves.  All these words of the illustrious son of Atri were fully accepted by the Rsis and approved of by them.

Hearing these words of Atri’s son, all the Rsis (there present) accepted and approved of them even as the deities accept and approve the words of Indra.  The six qualities of the wind, the two kinds of causes (excitement and unexcitement), the diverse functions of the wind when excited and unexcited, the four kinds of functions of bile and phlegm, the opinions of the several Rsis and the opinions of Punarvasu, have all been expounded in this lesson on the merits and faults of the wind.

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