Piercing a vein or small artery at the tip of the body-finger tips, toes, or top of the ears-is a technique well-known among acupuncturists. To the uninitiated Westerner, this therapy may seem even stranger than standard needling that is explained as a method of adjusting the flow of qi in the vessels. In this case, a few drops of blood let out from one or more peripheral points by quickly stabbing the skin with a lance is said to have significant effects. As mentioned in Fundamentals of Chinese Acupuncture (1), "The procedure should be thoroughly explained to the patient before it is performed to allay his or her fears."

Letting out blood is among the oldest of acupuncture techniques. Indeed, it has been speculated that acupuncture started as a method of pricking boils, then expanded to letting out "bad blood" that was generated by injuries or fevers, and finally allowing invisible evil spirits and perverse atmospheric qi (most notably "wind") escape from the body (2). Only later, perhaps as the needles became more refined and as scholars developed of a more subtle theoretical framework, were thin filiform needles used as the primary acupuncture tools for the purpose of adjusting the flow of qi and blood, without necessarily releasing something from the body.

The Lingshu (Spiritual Pivot) and its companion volume, the Suwen (Simple Questions), written around 100 B.C., established the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medical ideas and acupuncture therapy (3, 4). Originally, there was a set of 9 acupuncture needles, which included the triangular lance, sword-like flat needles, and fairly large needles (see Figure 1). In the Lingshu (3) these ancient needles are numbered and the needle designs and qualities are associated with what the numbers represent. Regarding the fourth needle, which has a tubular body and lance-like tip, the text states: "This can be used to drain fevers, to draw blood, and to exhaust chronic diseases." The seventh needle is described as being hair fine (corresponding in form to the most common of the current needles); it is said to "control fever and chills and painful rheumatism in the luo channels." In modern practice, using the lance as a means to treat chronic diseases has been marginalized (except to treat acute flare-ups of chronic ailments), while the applications of the hair-fine needle has been greatly expanded beyond malarial fevers and muscle and joint pain.

The Lingshu has several references to the use of blood-letting. In the chapter on hot diseases, it states:

For a hot disease with frequent frights, convulsions, and madness, treat the blood channels. Use the number four lance needle. Quickly disperse when there is an excess. When there is insanity and a loss of hair, treat the blood and the heart.

The use of the lance needle to treat the blood channels is a reference to blood-letting. The indications of blood-letting for alleviating heat, convulsions, and mental distress has persisted to modern times. For example, when treating the jing (well) points at the beginning or end of the meridians, the general indication that has come down to us today is for fevers and mental illness.

The lance needle is also recommended, in the same chapter of the Lingshu, for treatment of a hot disease where the whole body feels heavy and the center of the intestines is hot, and when there are spasms around the navel, and the chest and ribs are full. Among the points suggested to be bled are "those points on the cracks of the toes." Drawing blood, which is mentioned repeatedly in this chapter of the Lingshu, is usually accompanied by instructions that one should drain it from the luo vessels, which are described in this text as visible vessels, apparently corresponding to veins. For example, it is said that one should examine above the anklebone to see if the luo channels are full; if so, drain until blood is seen.

An entire chapter of the Lingshu is devoted to the luo vessels in which questions are answered about blood-letting therapy. It is said that: "When the blood and qi are both abundant and the yin qi is plentiful, the blood will be slippery so that needling will cause it to shoot out." On the other hand, "When much bleeding takes place with needling, but the color does not change and there are palpitations and depression, it is because needling the luo channel causes the channel to empty." The change in color that is anticipated occurs when the bad blood, which is described as thick and black, has been eliminated and normal red blood appears.

The Suwen (4) also has a chapter on treating the luo vessels. It makes three references to blood-letting, all in association with the point ranggu (KI-2); in general, the ranggu point is needled, and then the capillary in front of the point is to be bled. This is used in treatment of swollen throat and for abdominal swelling and fullness that accompanies either heart pain or injury. Similarly, in the Lingshu chapter on water swelling, a case of abdominal swelling-where the skin is tight like a drum-is described; the therapy recommended is to draw blood from the luo channels. The location of blood-letting is not specified, though it is stated that the problem should be treated in the lower part of the body.

In the Suwen chapter about needling of the channels properly, it is said that:

When one administers acupuncture during the spring, it is appropriate to needle shu (stream) points. In fact, bloodletting is a preferred technique....In the summer, one can also practice bloodletting, but it is preferable to use superficial luo points. Allow the bleeding to stop by itself, so that the pathogen will be completely eliminated."

In the Suwen chapter on seasonal organ pathology, blood-letting is mentioned for excess conditions, and the key therapeutic technique is usually to address an entire channel, which is sometimes done at or near its peripheral points. Thus, it says, for excess of the liver, bleed the jueyin and shaoyang channels; for excess of the spleen, one is instructed to bleed points of the taiyin, yangming, and shaoyin; for excess of the lung, bleed the shaoyin channel; for excess of the kidney, bleed the shaoyin and taiyin channels. Only the excess of the heart is treated somewhat differently: one is instructed to needle and bleed points under the tongue (jinjin and yuye) and at yinxi (HT-6).

The Suwen chapter on malaria-like illnesses has an interesting instruction for needling the finger tips:

When malaria begins to flare-up, it will start at the extremities. If the yang has already been injured, the yin will be affected as well. Before the flare-up, therefore, one should tie the ten fingers with string. This way, the pathogen cannot enter more deeply and the yin cannot come out. After tying the fingers, observe the luo channels. Where purple stagnation appears in the channels, perform blood-letting.

Thus, one looks for those specific veins that are congested in order to apply this therapy, rather than picking certain points or channels theoretically. The particular practice described here, of trying to avert the flare-up by locating the stagnation and draining the blood is described as "ambushing the enemy before being confronted." The approach to making the veins stand out is one that is still mimicked today, with massaging and pressing to assure that when the vein is lanced blood will flow out, though the original purpose was also diagnostic-determining which vessel had the pathogen to be let out.

The most comprehensive traditional text on acupuncture is the Jia Yi jing (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture), published in 1601, though attributed to work originally done by Mi Huangfu in the 3^rd century (5). It includes an extensive explanation of the #4 needle used for blood-letting:

The number four pertains to the four seasons. When a person, after having been struck by one of the winds of the eight directions and four seasons, develops a chronic illness where the evil has invaded and penetrated the channels and connecting vessels [luo], then this condition is treated by the sharp needle....It has a cylindrical body and a pointed end of three blades and is one cun and six fen in length. It is used to drain heat and let out blood to dissipate and drain chronic diseases. Accordingly, it is said that, if the disease is securely housed within the five viscera, the sharp needle should be selected and draining technique applied to the well [jing] and brook [shu] points according to the seasons.

As with the earlier texts, blood-letting is mainly recommended in Jia Yi jing for conditions of abdominal swelling, malarial-type diseases with alternating fever and chills (Chinese: nue), and certain painful conditions, particularly lower back pain. The main idea is to eliminate bad blood, as in this case of treating an injury:

The unraveled vessel causes people to suffer from splitting lower back pain with irascibility....Needle the unraveled vessel at weizhong (BL-40), pricking the binding connecting vessel there which is like a millet grain. Upon being pricked, the vessel will ejaculate black blood and, once the blood turns red, the treatment may be stopped.

In sum, for excess type syndromes, bleeding is recommended because it can drain the excess, alleviate congestion and stasis, and remove the pathogens. As described in Fundamentals of Chinese Acupuncture, the function of blood-letting therapy is "to drain heat or quicken the blood and qi and relieve local congestion." The method of carrying out blood-letting is described:

This procedure is done by first applying pressure to restrict the blood flow of the area, to increase the visibility of the veins and to cause the blood to flow out more easily when the vein is pricked. The point is then swiftly and decisively pricked to a superficial depth of about 0.1 cun and a few drops of blood are allowed to escape. Lastly, the point is pressed with sterile cotton until the bleeding ceases.

The last instruction, which is a modern practice, differs from the ancient one in which the bleeding is allowed to continue until it stops on its own. In the Jia Yi jing, there is a discussion of treating alternating chills and fever, in which blood-letting is recommended and the amount of blood to be let out is "appropriate to the fatness or thinness of the patient," thus a relatively larger amount for heavier persons.

In Essentials of Acupuncture (6), the use of the three-edged needle (lance) is said to be used for high fever, mental disorders, sore throat, and local congestion or swelling. As to technique, the point to be bled is pricked superficially, just 0.05-0.1 cun (inches) deep, which should be light and superficial and the amount of bleeding to be "determined by the pathological condition." Vigorous pricking is not permissible. In general, acupuncturists are cautioned about using bleeding therapy for persons who have weakness of their yin or yang qi, because the treatment can "strip" away these essences. Virtually all acupuncture texts mention contraindications for blood-letting therapy in persons who have already suffered from hemorrhage (including post-partum) and for those who are quite weak. This method is not recommended for pregnant women. Today, blood-letting is most often recommended for peripheral points.

PERIPHERAL POINTS BLOOD-LETTING

Peripheral blood-letting today is mainly carried out at the fingers and toes (7). At the tips of the toes, for example, are the qiduan points, located 0.1 cun behind the nails (see Figure 2). These are said to be useful for emergency treatment for stroke or for numbness of the toes, also for redness, swelling, and pain of the instep of the foot. Near the toe webbing, there is another set of points, the bafeng (eight wind) points, four on each foot (see Figure 2). These can be needled either by standard procedure with shallow oblique insertion, or they can be pricked to cause bleeding. The points are indicated for swelling of the legs, toe pain, snake bite to the foot or lower leg, and swelling and pain of the dorsum of the foot.

Similarly, at the tips of the fingers are the shixuan points, located 0.1 cun behind the nails (see Figure 3). Pricking these points to let out blood is said to be useful for coma, epilepsy, high fever, and sore throat. A little further down, at the finger creases (the lower of the two creases along the finger joints), are the sifeng points (four wind points; the thumb, which has only the one crease, is not included; see see Figure 4). Pricking these to let out plasma fluid that is yellowish white, is said to treat malnutrition and indigestion in children and whooping cough. Finally, points between each pair of fingers, at the top of the webbing joining the fingers, are the baxie points (see Figure 5). These can be acupunctured with shallow insertion of 0.5-0.8 cun depth or pricked to cause bleeding, used to treat snakebite of the hand.

The terminal jing points, known by some as ting points, are also pricked to let out blood. These "well" points, of which there are 12, are mainly located at the tips of the fingers and toes (the exception is KI-1); below are some of the indications for bleeding these points:

Shaoshang ) LU-11: thumb, radial side): sore throat, epistaxis, pain of fingers, febrile disease, mental disorders, loss of consciousness.
Shangyang (LI-1: index finger, radial side): toothache, sore throat, numbness of fingers, febrile disease, loss of consciousness.
Zhongchong (PC-9: middle finger, at fingertip): cardiac pain, irritability, loss of consciousness, aphasia with tongue stiffness, febrile disease, heat stroke, infantile convulsions, feverish sensation of the palm.
Guanchong (TB-1: ring finger, ulnar side): headache, redness of eyes, sore throat, stiffness of the tongue, febrile disease, irritability.
Shaochong (HT-9: little finger, radial side): cardiac pain, pain in chest, mental disorder, febrile disease, loss of consciousness.
Shaoze (SI-1: little finger, ulnar side): febrile disease, loss of consciousness, sore throat, corneal disease.
Yinbai (SP-1 : big toe, medial side): abdominal distention, uterine bleeding, mental disorder, dream disturbed sleep, convulsions.
Dadin (LV-1: big toe, lateral side): prolapse of uterus, hernia, uterine bleeding, enuresis.
Lidui (ST-45: 2nd toe, lateral side): facial swelling, toothache, distending sensation of chest and abdomen, cold in leg and foot, febrile disease, dream disturbed sleep, mental confusion.
Yonguqan (KI-1: sole of foot, between metatarsals 2-3): pain in vertex of the head, dizziness, blurring of vision, sore throat, aphonia, dysuria, dyschesia, infantile convulsion, loss of consciousness, feverish sensation in the sole.
Qiaoyin (GB-44: 4^th toe, lateral side): one-sided headache, ophthalmalgia, deafness, pain in the hypochondriac region, dream disturbed sleep, febrile disease

Zhiyin (BL-67: little toe, lateral side): headache, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, ophthalmalgia, feverish sensation in the sole.

Finally, there is pricking of the ear apex (tubercle) to let out blood, as a similar basic technique. All these peripheral point bleeding treatments are used for heat and excess syndromes. As an example, treating the ear apex by bloodletting has been recommended to treat hordeolum, an eye infection (8).

Peripheral blood-letting is distinguished from a practice of pricking the skin to release blood prior to applying cups, that provide an additional stimulus to the area and cause more blood to be extracted. However, like the peripheral point bleeding, it is used to let out pathogens and heat. A report on treatment of acute diseases with blood-letting followed by cupping suggested that the technique would remove toxic heat from the interior (9). In general, the author believed that:

The combination of bleeding and cupping aims at eliminating the toxic factors and removing stagnation, promoting resuscitation, and clearing heat, activating qi and blood circulation in the meridians and collaterals, relieving swelling and pain in order to facilitate the elimination of pathogenic qi and the restoration of good health.

He gave examples of blood-letting and cupping at dazhui (GV-14), taiyang (Extra-2), and weizhong (BL-40). Weizhong, at the back of the knee, is probably the most frequently mentioned non-peripheral point for bleeding therapy, with or without cupping; quze (PC-3), at the corresponding point in the crease of the elbow, is next most frequently used. Dazhui (GV-14), the meeting point of all six yang channels with the governing vessel, is treated for many acute heat syndromes, with standard acupuncture, blood-letting, and cupping.

Some of the peripheral blood-letting applications are easy to understand, at least theoretically, from the basic concept of letting out tainted blood; for example, to treat a poisonous snake bite where venom has been injected into the nearby portion of the limb. Similarly, swelling and pain of the foot by letting out blood at the toes is conceptually understandable within this paradigm. The treatment of stroke (apoplexy), coma, mental dysfunctions, and epilepsy by this method may be related to the concept that a vicious wind penetrates to the center and causes severe disruption to the normal brain function; the wind turbulence generates heat in the blood; alternatively, a disease with high fever can cause these damaging sequelae. This heat may be released by causing bleeding from these points, under the concept that the blood is a vehicle for carrying out the excess heat. In the English-Chinese Encyclopedia of Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine (10) under the condition called wind-stroke, in addition to several acupuncture points to be treated by standard needling, the authors mention using a three-edged needle to cause bleeding at the jing-well points. The Encyclopedia states that "pricking the 12 jing-well points helps to eliminate heat and bring resuscitation."

The problems of high fever, bleeding, sore throat, and headache might also be understood in terms of being treated by letting out heat via the removal of bad blood or excess blood. In the English-Chinese Encyclopedia, pricking the jing-well point shaoshang (LU-11), is mentioned as one of the treatments for severe cough due to wind-heat affecting the lungs; the jing-well point zhongchong (PC-9), as well as the non-peripheral points at the limb joints, quze (PC-3) and weizhong (BL-40), are indicated for pricking to release blood for treatment of high fever with heat in the ying and blood levels. shixuan points at the fingertips, as well as PC-3 should be pricked, the book suggests, for treatment of heat stroke (summer heat disturbing the heart and requiring resuscitation). Bleeding at the jing-well point zhongchong (PC-9) is also suggested for treatment of syncope of the excess type, while pricking of the 12 jing-well points is part of the therapy for severe sun stroke. Another recommendation for treating sunstroke is the combination of quze (PC-3), weizhong (BL-40), and dazhui (GV-14) as well as the 12 jing-well points all being pricked to cause bleeding.

MODERN VIEWS

Blood-letting is a method of therapy that is difficult to explain in modern terms. Aside from the traditional theoretical basis for these treatments in letting out heat and excess factors, a key issue is whether it actually produces the claimed effects. Many Western acupuncturists have stated informally that they get dramatic results from this treatment method, but, unfortunately, there is no evidence presented to support such contentions. Despite the frequent mention of treating peripheral points by blood-letting in both ancient and modern Chinese medical texts, there is little reference to this technique in Chinese medical journal reports. Very few articles focus specifically on use of this technique. Further, descriptions of therapies for the disorders that peripheral blood-letting is supposed to successfully treat rarely include that method. Instead, standard acupuncture techniques without blood-letting, as well as herbal therapies, are described. Therefore, the effectiveness of the technique must be questioned, at least until further evidence has accumulated.

When the method of peripheral blood-letting is used, it is usually combined with other therapies (e.g., standard acupuncture or even Western drugs) that might be sufficient to explain the claimed beneficial effects. In a report on treating hordeolum by bleeding the ear tubercle mentioned in the previous section, the eyes were also treated with antibiotics. In an article on treatment of patients with persistent hiccup (1 to 15 days) with bleeding of jing-well points, the treatment was accompanied by standard acupuncture at several points (BL-13, BL-17, BL-21, ST-44, ST-45, LI-1, and LI-4). It was reported that 95 out of 131 patients were cured after one treatment (9). It is difficult to know how much of a contribution was made by the peripheral blood-letting.

A Chinese physician who has used the blood-letting at the hand jing-well points extensively for emergency cases wrote a report on his experience (see Appendix 1). In his general analysis of treatment strategies and in two case presentations, he described use of standard acupuncture therapy, particularly needling of LI-4, along with bleeding the hand jing-well points bilaterally. It was not possible to tell whether the same results could have been attained without the blood-letting portion of the treatment. One of the claims commonly made by Western acupuncturists is that blood-letting at the jing-well points or at the ear can rapidly decrease blood pressure. Yet, in a clinical study conducted in Beijing with patients carefully monitored for responses to acupuncture therapy for hypertension, blood-letting was not a technique employed (10). The author claimed a good effect with standard acupuncture, using such points as LI-4, LI-11, GB-20, LV-3 and BL-17. In all these cases, hegu (LI-4) was needled; it is possible that this is the most effective point. Blood-letting at the ear apex was mentioned only in passing as one ear acupuncture technique in the book Traditional Chinese Treatment of Hypertension (14), but was reported to be highly effective for hypertension in a single case report (15).

Today, we know that the peripheral blood has the same content as the rest of the blood that circulates in the body, and that there is no reason to expect that the blood let out by this method is "bad blood," other than in a purely symbolic role. While standard acupuncture therapy is depicted as being effective, in part, by releasing various transmitter substances (e.g., endorphins), by stimulating local blood flow (e.g., by dilating vessels), and by producing changes in the brain that may have both systemic and highly specific effects, letting out a small amount of blood (usually just a few drops) remains without a suitable explanation for the potent effects claimed. The technique used to let out the blood is one of quick and light pricking to pierce the skin and vein. Unlike standard acupuncture, this method does not involve getting a qi reaction or other evidence that the body is responding on a deep level.

Blood-letting occurs in numerous contexts in the modern world. Millions of people donate a pint of blood, sometimes regularly; millions more prick fingertips every day to get a blood sample for diabetes testing. While these experiences are not as specific as aiming for certain acupoints to release blood, the large number of points at the periphery indicated for blood-letting in the Chinese literature, often with overlapping indications, suggests that the technique does not necessarily require a high degree of specificity for the location. Do diabetics and blood donors suffer substantially less from syndromes of heat and excess?

Therefore, acupuncturists should be somewhat cautious in making claims of effectiveness and should request clinical trials to evaluate the method, especially now that funding for acupuncture trials is being provided in the U.S. Since many of the applications of this method are for acute syndromes or disorders easily measurable, it should be possible to compare the effects of blood-letting at acupoints versus non-acupoints, or blood-letting by pricking versus pricking without releasing blood, as well as to compare standard acupuncture to blood-letting for treating a particular disorder.

SUMMARY

Blood-letting is an ancient therapy that was an essential part of traditional acupuncture practice described in the original texts and which persists today, particularly for treatment of emergency cases, such as loss of consciousness, high fever, and swellings. Most of the blood-letting therapy relies on treating peripheral points of the fingers and toes. Its purpose is to alleviate excess conditions, particularly heat syndromes and fluid swelling, and to promote resuscitation. A traditional concept was that the release of blood would draw out the excess. This therapy is somewhat difficult to explain in modern terms, and, therefore, requires some investigation and research before any substantial claims of effectiveness can be made. Practitioners often note what appear to be prompt and dramatic results from the therapy, suggesting that its efficacy should be easy to confirm using short-term trials. In most cases, peripheral blood-letting (or other blood-letting therapy) is accompanied by standard acupuncture, especially with points that are not far from the blood-letting points, such as the hand/wrist points LI-4, LU-7, and PC-6 and the foot/ankle points LV-2, LV-3, and KI-3, suggesting that these other points may contribute significantly to the observed therapeutic outcome. As a symbolic therapy-of letting out excess, bad blood, toxins, or heat-blood-letting is a potent technique for both the practitioner and the patient, and its use represents a continuation of the earliest traditions of acupuncture.

APPENDIX 1. Clinical Application of Twelve Well Points by Duan Gongbao.

The following brief report (12) was edited slightly for readability and to avoid repetition:

In many years' clinical practice, I used blood-letting method of "Twelve Well-Points" to treat emergencies such as coma, syncope, acute infantile convulsion, wind-stroke syndrome, hysteria, epilepsy, etc., and have achieved immediate results. Twelve Well-Points refer to bilateral hand well points: shaoshang (LU-11), shangyang (LI-1), zhongchong (PC-9), guanchong (TB-1), shaochong (HT-9) and shaozhe (S-I 1) which belong to the three yin and three yang meridians of the hand and are located at the finger tips. The 6 well-points of the yang meridians belong to metal and are the beginning points of the three yang meridians of the hand, while the other 6 well-points of the yin-meridians belong to wood and are the ending points of the three-yin meridians of the hand.

The indications of the Twelve Well-Points are acute febrile diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, wind-stroke syndrome, syncope, acute infantile convulsion, manic and depressive psychosis, etc. The Twelve Well-Points can be used for eliminating heat, resolving phlegm, restoring consciousness, and promoting resuscitation. It is recorded in the classic book Lingshu that psychiatric diseases are related to the five zang-organs, so, the well-points are often used. It also says that blood diseases are related to the heart, thus, blood-letting can eliminate pathogenic heat and cause resuscitation. Therefore, pricking for bleeding and twirling-reducing or twirling-pricking of the well-points can be used to treat mental disorder, excess type of wind-stroke syndrome, acute infantile convulsion resulting from attack of pericardium by heat, heart disturbed by phlegm-fire, or mental confusion due to phlegm, syncope due to high fever, etc. After routine sterilization with 75% alcohol, hold a sterilized three-edge needle to prick these well-points rapidly, then squeeze the local point forcefully to let a few drops of blood out.

When the patient falls into sudden mental changes, loss of consciousness or mental disorder, the Twelve Well-Points are treated to induce resuscitation, as follows:

Accumulation of phlegm-heat in the lung and heart confused by phlegm: in case of invasion of the pericardium by pathogenic factors, it is treated by ventilating the lung and resolving phlegm, clearing away pathogenic heat from the heart to cause resuscitation. The 12 well-points are used in combination with chize (LU-5), shenmen (HT-7) and daling (PC-7), which are punctured and stimulated with the reducing method.
Attack of the pericardium by pathogenic summer-heat: in case of heatstroke due to accumulation of pathogenic heat to block qi flow, it is treated by clearing away pathogenic heat from the heart to cause resuscitation, restoring the consciousness. The well-points are selected in combination with reducing shenmen (HT-7) and pricking quze (PC-3) to let a bit blood out.
Wind-stroke: in case of excess syndrome of stroke, it is treated by clearing away heat, inducing resuscitation and waking up the patient from unconsciousness. The 12 well-points are punctured in combination with needling by the reducing method yongquan (KI-1) and hegu (LI-4).
Interior heat-syndrome: in case of acute infantile convulsion due to high fever and wind stirring inside, it is treated by clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating pathogenic heat from the heart, calming the liver to stop the wind, and by using well-points combined with needling by the reducing method hegu (LI-4) and taichong (LV-3).

As an example, Mr Wang, aged 58 years, a farmer, suddenly fell into coma; he had flushed complexion, lockjaw, deviation of the eyes, rigidity of both hands, rattling sound in the throat due to phlegm, full and taut pulse. His syndrome was heart stirred by phlegm-fire, producing an excess type of wind-stroke syndrome. Therapeutic principles applied were eliminating heat, resolving phlegm, causing resuscitation, and restoring consciousness. Acupoint selection included the Twelve Well-Points pricked to let a bit of blood out; hegu (LI-4) and taichong (LV-3) were punctured and stimulated with reducing method (needles retained for 10 minutes). After treatment, the patient was restored to consciousness immediately, accompanied with slight deviation of the mouth and eyes, weakness of the upper and lower limbs on the left side. Thereafter, acupoints on the face and limbs were punctured continuously. Half a month later, he returned to normal.

As another case, a male baby, aged 2 1/2 years, experienced high fever, convulsion, lockjaw, muscular spasm of the four limbs, and loss of consciousness. Differentiation of syndromes indicated acute infantile convulsion due to excessive interior heat and wind stirring inside. Therapeutic principles applied were dispelling wind and removing heat, calming the internal wind and relieving convulsion and spasm. Acupoint selection included the Twelve Well-Points which were pricked to let a bit of blood out, combined with puncturing and stimulating hegu (LI-4), taichong (LV-3), and jiexi (ST-41) with the reducing method. After treatment, the baby was restored to consciousness immediately. Half an hour later, his fever abated and he spoke and laughed as usual.

The effects of the Twelve Well-Points in causing resuscitation, clearing away heat from the heart and tranquilizing the spirit, ventilating the lung, and regulating yin and yang are derived mainly from the combined application of the Three Yin and Three Yang Meridians of the hand. Shaoshang (LU-11) and shangyang (LI-1) serve to ventilate the lung, remove heat from the throat, regulate the wei qi to relieve the exterior syndrome, and reduce fever. Zhongchong (PC-9) can function in clearing away heart-fire and accumulated heat of the pericardium, tranquilizing, inducing resuscitation and restoring consciousness. Guanchong (TB-1) can clear away the pathogenic fire of the upper-jiao and remove the accumulated heat in the shaoyang meridian. Shaochong (HT-9) is used to clear away heart fire, tranquilize, and regulate heart qi. Shaozhe (SI-1) serves to remove heart fire, ease mental anxiety, and eliminate accumulation of heat in the taiyang meridian. The aforementioned acupoints are only suitable for recuperating depleted yang and rescuing the patient from collapse, rather than for prostration (deficiency) syndrome due to sudden exhaustion of yang of emergence or due to exhaustion of qi from chronic disease because of excessive weakness of the primordial qi. Therefore, the Twelve Well-Points should be used according to differentiation of syndromes. Otherwise, erroneous application of these acupoints will bring the patient with unfavorable influence and even miss the opportunity for emergency treatment because of delay.

APPENDIX 2. Clinical Application of Blood-Letting Therapy by Yang Haixia

The following report (15) includes the full text of the physician's instructions on treatment, and then his case reports, which are shortened considerably for presentation here.

The operator needs to massage the determined area for blood-letting to cause local congestion, and clean the skin area for disinfection according to the routine procedure. Fix the acupuncture point or vein in the blood-letting area with one hand, and hold a sterilized three-edged needle with the other hand to prick the point or vein 1-3 mm deep quickly and then remove the needle immediately. Press and squeeze the muscle around the pricked point or vein to cause bleeding. The amount of bleeding caused for each treatment varies from a few drops to several milliliters of blood according to the individual cases, the areas for blood-letting, and the patients' conditions. Clinical practice has proved that this therapy has the functions of inducing resuscitation, reducing heat, invigorating blood, removing stagnation and obstruction in the channels, and can be mainly applied to treat excess, heat, and acute syndromes.

Case 1. Chronic headache caused by hyperactivity of yang. Extra points taiyang and yintang were pricked to let out a few drops of blood. Shortly after treatment, the pain disappeared suddenly, without relapse.

Case 2. Apparent small stroke, causing sudden deviation of mouth, left eye being closed, and chewing dysfunction. An obviously distended vein in the mouth was pricked to cause bleeding, once per week. Body acupuncture with electric stimulation was used additionally, every other day. After 30 days treatment, facial muscles returned to near normal.

Case 3. Apparent small stroke with rigidity, pain, and numbness of tongue accompanied by dysphasia. Extra points jinjin and yuye of the lingual vein were pricked for bleeding. Two treatments resolved the disorder.

Case 4. Intermittent dizziness, tinnitus, and heaviness of the head due to hypertension. Blood-letting was done on the ear apex on both sides and the groove on the back of the ears to let out a few drops of blood. After five treatments, the blood pressure was stabilized at a lower level with relief of symptoms.

APPENDIX 3. Summary of Major Blood-Letting Points

The following tables are derived from the Advanced Textbook on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (13).

Summary of Peripheral Points for Blood-Letting

This table does not include the jing-well points, which are manly used for the same indications as the other points listed here, except for the unique pediatric therapy of the sifeng points.

Point Name	Distribution of Blood Vessels	Indications
shixuan	at the fingertips, network of the proper palmar digital arteries and veins	fever, coma, sunstroke, unconsciousness, numbness of the hands and feet
Shierjing	behind the corner of the fingernails, network of the proper palmar digital arteries and veins	fever, coma, sore throat, tonsillitis
sifeng	network of the proper palmar digital arteries and veins	infantile malnutrition, dyspepsia, pertussis (squeeze out yellowish-white fluid)
Yuji (LU-10)	reflux branch of the cephalic vein in the thumb	fever, sore throat, tonsillitis
Bafeng and qiduan	dorsal venous network of the foot	swelling, pain and numbness of the foot, snakebite
baxie	dorsal subcutaneous network of hand	swelling, pain and numbness of the hand, snakebite
Ear apex, supratragic apex, and earback	posterior auricular artery and vein	fever, tonsillitis, red and swollen eyes, hypertension

Summary of Body Points for Blood-letting

This table does not include the point dazhui (GV-14), which is also often used in blood-letting, especially accompanied by cupping. Dazhui has he indications of treating various heat syndromes and fevers, and epilepsy.

Point Name	Distribution of Blood Vessels	Indications
Chizi (LU-5)	cephalic vein	sunstroke, acute vomiting and diarrhea
Quze (PC-3)	cephalic vein	sunstroke, suffocating feeling in the chest, fidgets
Weizhong (BL-40)	great and small saphenous veins of the popliteal fossa	sunstroke, acute vomiting and diarrhea, systremma
Yintang	branches of the medial frontal artery and vein	headache, dizziness, red and swollen eyes, rhinitis
Taiyang	venous plexus inside temporal fascia	headache, red and swollen eyes
Baihui (GV-20)	anastomotic network of the left and right superficial temporal artery and vein and occipital artery and vein	fever, tonsillitis, red and swollen eyes, hypertension
jinjin and yuye	lingual vein	apoplexy, stiff tongue, and stuttering

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